TOEFL托福阅读长难句分析整合

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托福阅读长难句1

The Peisistratids, as the succession of tyrants were called (after the founder of the dynasty, Peisistratos), strengthened Athenian central administration at the expense of the aristocracy by appointing judges throughout the region, producing Athens' first national coinage, and adding and embellishing festivals that tended to focus attention on Athens rather than on local villages of the surrounding region. (TPO40, 58)

tyrant /'taɪrənt/ n. 专制君主，暴君

aristocracy /ˌærɪ'stɒkrəsɪ/ n. 贵族阶级，贵族

coinage /'kɒɪnɪdʒ/ n. 铸造硬币;货币制度

embellish /ɪm'belɪʃ/ v. 美化﹑装饰或修饰某物;渲染

大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解

The Peisistratids, (as the succession of tyrants were called (after the founder of the dynasty,Peisistratos)), strengthened Athenian central administration (at the expense of the aristocracy)( by appointing judges throughout the region, producing Athens' first national coinage, and adding and embellishing festivals)(that tended to focus attention on Athens rather than on local villages of the surrounding region). (TPO40,58)

托福阅读长难句100句分析：

这个句子的主干：

The Peisistratids strengthened Athenian central administration

修饰一：(as the succession of tyrants were called (after the founder of the dynasty,Peisistratos))，从句

中文：我们称之为暴君的继承者(在王朝创始人Peisistrato之后)

修饰二：(at the expense of the aristocracy)，介词短语

中文：以牺牲贵族为代价

修饰三：(by appointing judges throughout the region, producing Athens' first national coinage, and adding and embellishing festivals)，介词短语，注意里面有三个v-ing的并列：

appointing judges throughout the region, producing Athens' first national coinage, and adding and embellishing festivals

中文：通过在这个地区任命法官、创建雅典第一套国家货币制度并且增加和装饰关注雅典而不是周边地区当地村庄的节日

修饰四：(that tended to focus attention on Athens rather than on local villages of the surrounding region)，从句，修饰festivals

中文：总是关注雅典而不是周边地区当地的村庄

托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：

Peisistratids——我们称之为暴君的继承者(在王朝创始人Peisistrato之后)——通过在这个地区任命法官、创建雅典第一套国家货币制度并且增加和装饰关注雅典而不是周边地区当地村庄的节日，以牺牲贵族的权利为代价，加强了雅典中央政府管理。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句和介词短语，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

托福阅读长难句2

Cleisthenes' principal contribution to the creation of democracy at Athens was to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures, especially among the aristocrats, and to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes, which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens. (TPO40, 51)

democracy /dɪ'mɒkrəsɪ/ n. 民主，民主政治，民主制度

clan /klæn/ n. 宗族，家族;集团，帮会

aristocrat /'ærɪstəkræt/ n. 贵族

civic /'sɪvɪk/ adj. 城市的;市民的，公民的

大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解

Cleisthenes' principal contribution (to the creation of democracy at Athens) was (to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures), (especially among the aristocrats), and (to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes), (which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens. ) (TPO40, 51)

托福阅读长难句100句分析：

这个句子的结构是：

Cleisthenes' principal contribution was 非谓语 and 非谓语

第一个非谓语：(to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures)

第二个非谓语：(to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes)

修饰一：(to the creation of democracy at Athens)，介词短语

中文：在雅典创造民主

修饰二：(to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures) ，非谓语动词

中文：完成了减弱家族和宗族结构的长期过程

修饰三：(especially among the aristocrats) ，介词短语

中文：尤其是在贵族间

修饰四：(to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes) ，非谓语动词

中文：在他们所在地方设置基于地点的称之为demes团体

修饰五：(which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens. ) ，从句

中文：这成为了雅典所有公民和大多数宗教生活的入口点。

托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：

Cleisthenes对于创造雅典民主的主要贡献是他完成了减弱家族和宗族结构(尤其是贵族家族和宗族结构)的长期的过程，并且在他们所在地方设置基于地点的称之为demes团体，这成为了雅典所有公民和大多数宗教生活的入口点。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句、介词短语和非谓语动词，大家务必想清楚

托福阅读长难句3

The tropics contain a larger surface area of land than higher latitudes——a fact that is not always evident when we examine commonly used projections of Earth's curved surface, since this tends to exaggerate the areas of land in the higher latitudes——and some biogeographers regard the differences in diversity as a reflection of this effect. (TPO40, 55)

tropics n. 热带

projection n. 发射，投射;

exaggerate /ɪg'zædʒəreɪt/ v. 夸张，夸大

大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解

The tropics contain a larger surface area of land than higherlatitudes——(a fact) (that is not always evident) (when we examine commonly used projections of Earth's curved surface), (since this tends to exaggerate the areas of land in the higher latitudes)——and some biogeographers regard the differences in diversity as a reflection of this effect. (TPO40,55)

托福阅读长难句100句分析：

这个句子的主干就是一个并列结构，中间被一个破折号隔开了。

The tropics contain a larger surface area of land than higher latitudes and some biogeographers regard the differences in diversity as a reflection of this effect.

修饰一：(a fact) ，同位语

中文：一个事实

修饰二：(that is not always evident) ，从句

中文：不总是那么明显

修饰三：(when we examine commonly used projections of Earth's curved surface) ，从句

中文：当我们在仔细观察通常所用的地球曲面投影时

修饰四：(since this tends to exaggerate the areas of land in the higher latitudes) ，从句

中文：因为这往往夸大了高纬度的土地面积

托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：

热带比高纬度包含更大的的土地面积——当我们在仔细观察通常所用的地球曲面投影时，这一事实并不总是显而易见的，因为这往往夸大了高纬度的土地面积——并且一些生物地理学家认为多样性的差异反映了这一影响。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句和同位语，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

托福阅读长难句4

The answer to the first question is that carbon dioxide is still found in abundance on Earth, but now, instead of being in the form of atmospheric carbon dioxide, it is either dissolved in the oceans or chemically bound into carbonate rocks, such as the limestone and marble that formed in the oceans. ( TPO41, 53)

abundance /ə'bʌnd(ə)ns/ n. 丰富，充裕

atmospheric /ætməs'ferɪk/ adj. 大气的

dissolve /dɪ'zɒlv/ v. 溶解

limestone /ˈlaɪmˌstəʊn/ n. 石灰石

marble /'mɑːb(ə)l/ n. 大理石

大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解

The answer to the first question is ( that carbon dioxide is still found in abundance on Earth), but now, (instead of being in the form of atmospheric carbon dioxide), it is either dissolved in the oceans or chemically bound into carbonate rocks, (such as the limestone and marble) (that formed in the oceans.) ( TPO41, 53)

托福阅读长难句100句分析：

这个句子的主干是：

The answer to the first question is 从句 , but now, it is either dissolved in the oceans or chemically bound into carbonate rocks

修饰一：(that carbon dioxide is still found in abundance on Earth) ，从句

中文：在地球上二氧化碳依然可以大量被找到

修饰二：(instead of being in the form of atmospheric carbon dioxide) ，介词短语

中文：它不是以大气中的二氧化碳的形式出现

修饰三：(such as the limestone and marble that formed in the oceans.) ，介词短语

中文：例如在海洋中形成的石灰石和大理石

修饰四：(that formed in the oceans.) ，从句

中文：在海洋中形成的

托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：

第一个问题的答案是，在地球上二氧化碳依然可以大量被找到，但是现在，它不是以大气中的二氧化碳的形式出现，它溶解在海洋里或者通过化学作用进入碳酸盐岩中，例如在海洋中形成的石灰石和大理石。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句和介词短语，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句、介词短语以及非谓语动

托福阅读长难句5

The principal elements in behavioral thermoregulation are basking (heliothermy),heat exchange with substrates such as rock or earth (thigmothermy)，and diurnal and annual avoidance behaviors,which include moving to shelter during the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating (reducing activity during cold or hot weather, respectively).( TPO40,48)

bask /bɑːsk/ v. 坐着或躺着取暖

substrate /'sʌbstreɪt/ n. 底物，基片，基质;被(酶)作用物

diurnal /daɪ'ɜːn(ə)l/ adj. 白天的，白昼的;每日的

hibernate /'haɪbəneɪt/ v. 冬眠

estivate /'iːstɪveɪt/ v. (动物)夏眠

respectively adv. 各自地

大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解

The principal elements (in behavioral thermoregulation) are basking (heliothermy), heat exchange (with substrates such as rock or earth (thigmothermy) )，and diurnal and annual avoidance behaviors, (which include moving to shelterduring the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating) (reducing activity during cold or hot weather, respectively).( TPO40, 48)

托福阅读长难句100句分析：

修饰一：(in behavioral thermoregulation) ，介词短语

中文：行为温度调节

修饰二：(with substrates such as rock or earth (thigmothermy) ) ，介词短语

中文：与基质如岩石或土壤进行热交换(接触热源)

修饰三：(which include moving to shelter during the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating) ，从句

中文：这包括转移到遮蔽处去乘凉、冬眠或夏眠

修饰四：(reducing activity during cold or hot weather, respectively) ，非谓语动词

中文：分别在寒冷或炎热的天气减少活动

托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：

行为温度调节主要的要素有：晒太阳(日光浴)，与基质如岩石或土壤进行热交换(接触热源)，以及每天或每年的躲避行为，这包括转移到遮蔽处去乘凉、冬眠或夏眠(分别在寒冷或炎热的天气减少活动)。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句、介词短语以及非谓语动词，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。