托福阅读考试有哪些陷阱
托福阅读考试有哪些陷阱?你都知道了吗,为了让大家能避免陷阱,小编整理了托福阅读中的陷阱,下面小编就和大家分享,来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读考试有哪些陷阱?
陷阱一:熟词僻义
词汇类问题(Vocabulary Questions)是新托福阅读考试每次必练习题型,而且题量较多,每篇文章通常出现3-5题,它要求考生确定文章中个别单词或短语的具体意思(一个单词可能有多个意思,但在给定选项中只有一个选项与该单词在阅读文章中的意思相符)。这种题型总的来说还是比较简单的,但这种题型中的“陷阱”即“熟词僻义” 让考生们头痛不已。
所谓“熟词僻义”也就是词汇题中所考查的单词尽管考生比较熟悉,对其常用含义也了解,但恰恰题目中考查的是该单词在阅读文章中的意思,而该意思是考生所不熟的。而往往考生们受该单词常用含义的影响,导致选错答案。比如“calling”一词的常用含义为“呼喊、召唤”,而新托福阅读中则可能考到该词的“职业、天职”的含义。
欲应对此“陷阱”,建议考生们在备考中扩大自己词汇量的同时,掌握猜测单词意思的技巧(利用上下文、构词法等),同时注意这种题型主要考查单词在文章里面的意思,建议考生们在选出答案后把答案放回原文进行检验。
陷阱二:题干中设陷阱
有很多人仗着知道不少托福阅读技巧很轻松地就中招了,题干中的陷阱主要出现在否定排除题,即俗称的“三缺一”题型中,题目4个选项中有3个符合文章内容,剩下一个不符合,题目便是要求选出这个不符合文章内容的选项。该题题干中要么会出现大写的“NOT”,要么会出现大写的“EXCEPT”,比如:
According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of X?
The author’s deion of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT…
而考生们在做题过程中往往会遗忘掉题干中的“NOT”和“EXCEPT”,选出一个和文章内容相符的选项,最终在不知不觉中已经丢掉唾手可得的分数。
建议考生考试时一定要细心、镇静,尤其要特别注意这种题型中的“NOT”或“EXCEPT”,并且谨记:这种题目的答案要么是选项内容原文没提到,要么根据原文内容选项是错误的。
陷阱三:定位信息陷阱
新托福阅读题的定位其实不难,但前提是定位信息要选准,也就是定位的点要对。通常情况下我们优先选择作为定位信息的是:专有名词、术语、物质名词、特殊名称等,但在做题过程中要具体情况具体分析,考生们千万不可以一刀切。如备考指导 Practice Test 2的第七题中题干为“Paragraph 2 suggests that which ofthe following is one of the most important factors in determining differences in feedingpreferences of East African herbivores?” 该题干中有专有名词“East African”,如果考生们用该词定位,肯定会导致无法定位到该题对应文章内容的准确位置。无法准确定位,必然耗时,而且影响考试心情。实际上考生们在考试时应该注意该篇文章的标题为“FEEDING HABITS OF EAST AFRICAN HERBIVORES”,标题中已经出现“EAST AFRICAN HERBIVORES”,因此我们可以得知该篇文章整篇都是关于EAST AFRICANHERBIVORES的,如果还是以它为定位词,肯定定位不到所需信息的准确位置。而该题的定位信息应该为“differences in feeding preferences”。
陷阱四:选项中陷阱重重
这也是给托福提高成绩造成最大麻烦的地方。直接事实题中,有的选项重复文章中的信息,但并没有回答问题。这样的选项最容易迷惑考生。对此,建议考生们在做直接事实题时直接排除那些本身就矛盾的选项,同时千万不要因为某个选项内容在文章中出现过就选择该选项,一定要回答问题。
句子简化题中有的选项内容和原文相符,但忽略了原文重要信息,这样的选项最容易误导考生。建议考生在做题时要仔细研读文章中所标识的句子,根据标点和关联词把句子按照义群拆分为几个部分,学会长句短读,迅速找出句子的主句,也就是主谓宾或者主系表。
修辞目的题中,选项中出现的是例子,即作者说了什么,但这种题考查的是作者为什么这样说。建议考生们在做题时注意字眼definition、example、to illustrate、to explain、to criticize等。
推论类问题中,选项重复原文信息,也就是选项为原文直接清楚表述的内容,这样的选项也容易误导考生。建议考生们注意在解答此类问题时,不仅要理解作者所写出的句子的字面意思,还必须搞清楚这些句子之间的逻辑性暗示。正确答案一定是从原文中已经给出的内容推论出来的。
托福阅读考试有哪些陷阱?
陷阱一:细节题考查精确定位 托福阅读中的细节题其实不难,但前提是定位的点要对,比如下面这个例题: Two species of dee have een pevalent in the Puget Sound aea of Washington State in the Pacific Nothwest of the United States. The lack-tailed dee, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule dee of easten Washington, is now the most common. The othe species, the Columian white-tailed dee, in ealie times was common in the open paiie county, it is now esticted to the low, mashy islands and flood plains along the lowe Columia Rive. Accoding to paagaph 1, which of the following is tue of the white-tailed dee of Puget Sound? A. It is native to lowlands and mashes. B. It is moe closely elated to the mule dee of easten Washington than to othe types of dee. C. It has eplaced the lack-tailed dee in the open paiie. D. It no longe lives in a paticula type of haitat that it once occupied. 这是一个典型的细节题,在该题题干中,有的考生会选择Puget Sound作为关键词回原文定位,因为它是专有名词,在文中会比较显眼。但是如果一旦选择了这个地名,势必会定位在该段的第一句话,托福细节题往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找答案,这样的话考生是选不出正确答案的,因为定位不精确。其实正确的关键词应该是white-tailed dee,这个用连字符连接的词在文章中也是比较醒目的,按该词定位应是该段最后一句话。所以根据它的意思应该选D项。其中A项与原句意思不符,B和C都与定位句信息无关。我们再来看另外一个否定事实细节题的例子:
2019托福阅读考试的两大陷阱
陷阱一:细节题考查精确定位
托福阅读中的细节题其实不难,但前提是定位的点要对,比如下面这个例题:
Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?
A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.
B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.
C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.
D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.
这是一个典型的细节题,在该题题干中,有的考生会选择Puget Sound作为关键词回原文定位,因为它是专有名词,在文中会比较显眼。但是如果一旦选择了这个地名,势必会定位在该段的第一句话,托福细节题往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找答案,这样的话考生是选不出正确答案的,因为定位不精确。其实正确的关键词应该是white-tailed deer,这个用连字符连接的词在文章中也是比较醒目的,按该词定位应是该段最后一句话。所以根据它的意思应该选D项。其中A项与原句意思不符,B和C都与定位句信息无关。我们再来看另外一个否定事实细节题的例子:
Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their structure depends on the particular history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?
A. They occur at the end of a succession.
B. They last longer than any other type of community.
C. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change
D. They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.
这个题大家都会选择用climax communities去定位,但在定位过程中会出现很多问题。首先考生要学会跳跃式定位,即根据文章中特殊的标点符号以及最醒目的词来搜索我们真正需要的关键词。文中的particular是加了阴影的,succession是在引号里面的,都非常醒目,通过看这两个词我们会发现它们附近没有我们需要的东西;再比较突出的就是数字及破折号,在500的上方有a climax community,但它是单数,与题干关键词不完全匹配,细节题讲究的是精确定位,所以我们应该选择500斜下方的Climax communities,即该段的最后一句话。否定事实细节题的出题思路有两种:一是无中生有,即根据定位点的内容,四个选项只有一个没有提到,这种思路多适用于选项比较简短的题目;二是张冠李戴,即根据定位点的内容表述,只有一个选项与之矛盾,这种思路多适应于选项比较长的题目。就这个例题而言,根据定位的最后一句话,从表述上来说跟它相关的只有C和D两个选项,D项的意思与原句相符,而C项与原句矛盾,所以正确答案是C。综上所述,做新托福阅读的细节题,最重要的一点就是要尽量地去精确定位。
陷阱二:无方向中隐藏方向
新托福阅读考试中绝大部分题目都是对应具体段落的,这会为考生节省很多时间。但是也不排除有少量题目的范围比较大或比较模糊,考生在寻找答案时难免一头雾水,费时费力。其实这些看似没有明确定位方向的题目都是暗藏玄机的。下面我们就来看一个例子:
Wind power has a significant cost advantage over nuclear power and has become competitive with coal-fired power plants in many places. With new technological advances and mass production, projected cost declines should make wind power one of the world’s cheapest ways to produce electricity. In the long run, electricity from large wind farms in remote areas might be used to make hydrogen gas from water during periods when there is less than peak demand for electricity. The hydrogen gas could then be fed into a storage system and used to generate electricity when additional or backup power is needed.
Wind power is most economical in areas with steady winds. In areas where the wind dies down, backup electricity from a utility company or from an energy storage system becomes necessary. Backup power could also be provided by linking wind farms with a solar cell, with conventional or pumped-storage hydropower, or with efficient natural-gas-burning turbines. Some drawbacks to wind farms include visual pollution and noise
托福阅读如何拿分?
一、托福阅读答题顺序错误
顺序影响速度,进而影响考试得分。
考生在托福阅读答题时究竟是先看文章还是先读题,就跟“先有鸡还是先有蛋”的问题一样难解,若你还没有找到一个较合理的做题顺序,不妨按照下面的流程来:
先看题,再看每道题目标示出的其对应的段落,并在该段中进行考点定位,阅读,最终选出答案。这样比较容易取得托福阅读高分。
二、托福阅读答题思路错误
常听学生说“这道题做错是因为我当时想多了”。托福阅读的选项之间意思很贴近。而托福阅读基本是在考paraphrase(释义)。
那么在做题的时候一定要注意:答案都是在文中能直接找的到的,不要去做任何推断,哪怕是所谓的推断题。
三、托福阅读答题技巧运用不熟练
首先,我们做题时要时刻保持主动性。这里的主动是指在读文章的时候应主动思考并预判下文以及出题点。并且这招也是很多高分学员分享的经验。那么,“采取主动预判的做题方式,能够帮助你更快的完成题目”这就是一种做题技巧。
不过,知道了技巧和会运用可是两码事。如何熟练的运用?要做系统的训练:托福阅读的每篇文章的逻辑结构都是很严谨的,并且这种严谨的逻辑模式也是屈指可数。
四、阅读核心基本功-单词量不够
很多25/26分的学生刷了数次托福阅读依旧没有满分,分析原因发现他们有一个共性,那就是单词背的不扎实。单词不过关,很容易对题目和文章内容的理解产生偏差。因为你只有看懂了,才会明白题意,才知道如何答题。不以词汇量为基础的所有做题技巧都是不可靠的。所以还是得踏踏实实背单词!
托福阅读重点句子积累
1. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect – success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might.
戴着面具身着盛装的人们,经常扮演各种其他人物、动物或超自然生灵,并且作为一个扮演者所能做的,就是期盼一个在狩猎或战役中获胜、降雨的来临,阳光的重现的结果。
2.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.
但是这些事实不能解释这个令人感兴趣的问题,就是为什么在一个特殊的靠近他们出生的地方如此的集中了这么多怀孕的鱼龙。
3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.
十九世纪一系列持续的机械进步,包括踏板的传入、金属结构的完善和钢丝最完美的质量,最后产生了一种能容纳无数音调——从最精致的和弦到一个成熟管弦的声音或从一个清澈的歌声到辉煌的敲击乐的效果——的乐器。
4.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.
虽然我们习惯于谈到1972年以前的电影是无声的,但用一句完全感性的话来说,电影从来就不是没有声音的。
5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.
多年以来电影音乐的选择程序完全掌握在导演和音乐督导手中,通常拥有这些权力的主要资格并非是自身的技艺和品味而更多的是因为拥有大量的个人音乐素材库。
6.Rather, they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric, consisting of smooth, compact yarn from long wool fibers, dyed dark blue, green, or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material, either natural or a shade of yellow.
更进一步,他们是由一个顶层是毛纺或光滑的精纺羊毛织物制作,包含光滑,紧凑的纱线来自长羊毛的纤维染成兰黑色、绿色、或褐色底层含有粗糙天然的和暗黄色的毛纺材料。
7.For good measure, during the spring and summer drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustrations might await the weary growers.
在春季和夏季,要精确量度干旱、热量、冰雹、蝗虫和其他损失可能是一件疲劳的事情。
8.What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.
我们今天所谓的美国民间艺术,实际上是普通老百姓的艺术、被普通老百姓创造的艺术和为普通老百姓和日常提到的“民间人士”的艺术,是一个他们在社会日渐繁荣和休闲情况下创建的一个包含各种各样尤其是肖像画种类的艺术的市场。
9.The people had no agriculture but, over thousands of years, had developed techniques and equipment to exploit their environment, basing their economy on fishing in streams and coastal waters that teemed with salmon, halibut, and other varieties of fish; gathering abalone, mussels, clams, and other shellfish from the rocky coastline; hunting land and sea mammals; and collecting wild plant foods.
他们没有农业,但是经过几千年,已经发展了探索自身环境的技术和设备。他们是基于大量出现鲑鱼、大比目鱼和其他多种鱼类的自身流域和水岸捕鱼的经济;基于从落基山水岸聚集了鲍鱼、蚌类、蛤和其他贝壳动物的经济;基于捕猎地域和海洋哺乳动物的经济;以及基于收集野生植物的食物的经济。