雅思阅读新思路之定位+同义替换
雅思阅读总是同学们大为头疼的一项内容，小编整理了雅思阅读解题新思路，一起来学习吧，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
雅思阅读新思路--定位+同义替换
在雅思培训中，阅读老师基本上宣称讲的都是“做题技巧”，而阅读方法技能本身讲的很少。因为讲做题技巧最有针对性，学生来听课的主要目的也是希望知道怎么做题，因此大部分老师都在分析总结各种题型的解题特点，解题规律等。但是，笔者发现有一个突出的事实就是，一般教师授课太注重题目的特征，很多做题技巧就难免有牵强附会之嫌。而忽视了剑桥雅思阅读考试的本质特征：英语原版文章，词汇量大，学术性和“反投机”(即尽可能防止考生在读不懂文章的情况小，蒙对答案)。特别是因为“反投机”机制的存在，如果教师自己都没有概念，那么你的解题技巧说不定就把你的雅思培训学生送上了“歧途”。因为你的所谓“技巧”恰恰就是雅思阅读考试题目“革命”的对象，学生也就刚刚好成了牺牲品。多年的教学经验告诉我，有些题目是不能纯粹靠做题技巧来解决的，必须结合一定的阅读技能(比如，单词理解，长难句)才能顺利解出。而且，雅思阅读题型有10种之多，这么多纷繁复杂的题型似乎又各自有着自己的一些解题技巧和解题步骤，在考试时一篇文章后面往往会有几种题型，而考生需要记清不同的解题方法会显得力不从心，手忙脚乱。本文单纯从揣测剑桥雅思的出题意图的角度，来讨论一下雅思阅读和其他英语考试阅读在解题上方法的差异……
一.剑桥雅思考试阅读考题中的替换
在几乎所有的英语阅读理解类的考试中，由于阅读文章原文所提供的信息要远远大于题目所考察的信息，所以英语阅读考试有一个非常关键的技巧就是，利用“信号词”或“定位词”在原文中的重现去定位(“Pin down”)所考察的细节，这个过程就是英语阅读理解考试解题中的“定位法”。
但是，很多第一次甚至部分多次参加雅思考试的考生都发现一个奇怪的现象：利用以往国内四六级英语考试的定位方法时，在原文根本找不到你要的那个单词或者考题的信息点，也就浪费大量的时间，最终解题还是要靠感觉去瞎蒙。而按照自己的常识来蒙答案，又往往猜错答案?那么是什么地方出了问题呢?
其实，雅思阅读考试的阅读文章相对于大学英语四六级甚至于托福考试阅读都有一个难度的提升，那就是：在IELTS阅读考试中，替换是出题者经常使用的一个原则。这种替换出现，造成在题干中的关键词和关键词组不会在原文中直接出现，而是用同义或近义的表达替换出现。
我们可以用一个示意图来表示
1. 大学英语四六级(CET)考试
题干中单词“AAA” 原文中单词还是“AAA”
其中AAA是一个普通词汇，大部分考生都认识;
2. 托福(TOEFL)，BEC考试
题干中单词“BBB” 原文中单词还是“BBB”
其中BBB是一个难度较大的词汇，小部分考生不认识;
3. 剑桥雅思(IELTS)考试
题干中单词“BBB” 原文中单词替换为“CCC”
其中BBB和CCC都是难度词汇，大部分考生都不认识;
通过示意图，我们可以看出，雅思阅读考试是三类英语考试中一般型“定位法”使用难度最大的考试。通俗的讲“考生在剑桥雅思阅读考试中，原文和题干中的单词没有办法联系到一起。
下面，我们通过结合剑桥雅思系列的教材中的实例，来讲解剑桥雅思阅读真题中的这些替换：
例子1：《剑桥雅思4》 第44页Question1-4 (2004年雅思全真考题)
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each
There are currently approximately 6,800 languages in the world. This great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical 1……... But in today's world, factors such as government initiatives and 2……... are contributing to a huge decrease in the number of languages. One factor which may help to ensure that some endangered language do not die out completely is people's increasing appreciation of their 3……...
…………………
在《剑桥雅思4 》第42页(第3自然段第1行)原文中有这么一句话对应的是 第1个填空题的原文：“Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is pepped with languages spoken by only a few people…………..” 。很显然，用来编撰summary题目题干的句子已经在原文上进行了大量的替换而改成“This great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical 1(……...)”，进一步认识这种替换，我们可以总结：
第一， 原文中的linguistic diversity被替换成题干中的 variety of languages;很多雅思考生可能都不认识linguistic的意思是“语言的, 语言学的, 语言研究的”的意思;而diversity和variety 的替换也是英语中常用的，只是大家平时没有注意积累罢了;
第二， 剑桥雅思原文中根本就没有出现用于解题最重要的指示词“geographical”，因为按照常识，只要找到“geographical”，这个词，就能在原文中找到出处，它的后面那个名词就是答案。事实上，这里的剑桥雅思阅读原文却没有让考生轻松(原文里根本就没有“geographical”)，这一点也让很多习惯传统的四六级，托福阅读考题的考生“崩溃”。
第三， 细心的考生还会发现，原文和题干在句子的结构顺序页几乎是颠倒的，先看题干：“This great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical 1(……...)” 根据语法和句子结构，我们要找的答案，应该是一个名词，“geographical(……...)” 它应该是作为“great variety of languages”的原因状语 “as a result of ”等同于“ because of ”。但是原文中的句子“(geographical)Isolation breeds linguistic diversity”很明显，原文中的“isolation” 却是句子的主语，而使用一个 谓语“breeds” 原意是“交配; 繁殖, 饲养”在这里也是 “产生”的意思。巧妙的避免的一个简单的“because of”来提示“因果关系”，从而增加解题难度。
综上所述，我们可以看出，本题的答案就是“isolation”。 当然同样的替换还出现在第3题，原文(《剑桥雅思4 》第43页(第3自然段末行) 使用的“......a growing interest in cultural identity……”在题干中替换成为“……people's increasing appreciation of their (cultural identity)……” 其中“growing= increasing”和“interest in = appreciation of”
我们再看一个例子
例子2 《剑桥雅思5》 第27页Question34 (2005年雅思全真考题)
这是一道选择题：
34 The writer quotes from the Worldwide Fund for Nature to illustrate how
A influential the mass media can be 、
B effective environmental groups can be
C the mass media can help groups raise funds
D environmental groups can exaggerate their claims
这道题是问文章引用“Worldwide Fund for Nature”是为了illustrate(举例说明)什么。也就是说出题人的考察目的是希望我们能在原文中读出作者使用这个quote是为了说明什么观点。一般的同学很容易选择出定位词：肯定是大写的Worldwide Fund for Nature。根据这个定位词我们很快可以定位到文章的第五段当中的这句话(《剑桥雅思5》第24页(第5自然段第3行)) “In 1997, for example, the Worldwide Fund for Nature issued a press release entitled: “Two thirds of the world’s forests lost forever.” The truth turns out to be nearer 20%。”
我们定位到的这句话是这个引用(quote)本身，其实也就是例证。原文这句话中的for example(提示举例的连接词)就告诉了我们这个例子是为了说明前面某一个观点。所以原文中往for example前一扫发现这么一句话：“Understandably, perhaps, they sometimes overstate their arguments。”再和选项匹配一下，我们就能发现这句话就是D选项的一个同义替换转述：they 当然就是上文中提到的environmental groups，overstate就是题干中exaggerate ((使)扩大, (使)增加) 的替换，而arguments就是题干中的claims。因此答案为D。当然，做过这个考题的考生心中一般会有两个疑问?为什么真正考察出答案的句子却不是那个例子“In 1997, for example, the Worldwide Fund for Nature issued a press release entitled: “Two thirds of the world’s forests lost forever.” The truth turns out to be nearer 20%。”?第二个问题是，为什么答案在本段原文的第三句话“Understandably, perhaps, they sometimes overstate their arguments。”而不是前面两句话“Secondly，environmental groups need to be noticed by the mass media. They also need to keep the money rolling in”因为大量的考生就是读了这么几句错选了答案A或者C。其实，在我的课堂上已经给出了剑桥雅思阅读出题的另一个原则，希望能在以后的文章与大家分享……
二.传统定位法和新主动替换定位法
剑桥雅思阅读出题者为了防止题目变得容易，已经在出题上做出了“令人发指”的替换和隐藏，而且迷惑选项编的比正确选项更像“答案”。有鉴于此，我来介绍一种适用于剑桥雅思阅读的改进的定位方法----主动替换定位法。为了区分传统的定位法，我们来看流程图：
A.传统的定位法流程：
步骤1在题干中选择定位词如“geographical”，“Worldwide Fund for Nature”步骤2到原文中去浏览寻找定位词的出现的原文句子步骤3阅读原文句子结合题干解题得出答案
这种传统的定位法在雅思阅读考试中，显然对于很多像我刚刚举例的考题那样是完全无效的，比如第一个例子，原文中就没有出现过“geographical” 这个英文单词。第二个例子，你找到了“overstate”如果不知到“exaggerate”就是它的同义词，也是功亏一篑。
B.主动替换定位法流程
步骤1仔细研究题干中的单词和句子结构，选择定位词(多个名词)步骤2对于原来题干中的词，多想想它们经常会替换成哪些词?步骤3到原文中去浏览寻找定位词和它们的替换词的出现的原文句子
辅助步骤5：发现有题干和原文经典的替换的地方，那就是答案步骤4 阅读原文句子结合题干解题得出答案(特别留心词语替换关系)
从流程示意图可以看出，主动替换定位法是针对剑桥雅思出题“死穴”的一种阅读方法，不仅快速而且可以从本质上排除干扰，准确地判断出正确答案。譬如，《剑桥雅思4》 第44页Question 2定位词不仅要选“language variety” 还要事先做一个替换(步骤2)把“linguistic”和“diversity” 选作定位词，这些真实考试中，都要有所考虑。
同样是 《剑桥雅思5》 第27页Question34这一道选择题，新的主动替换定位法，我们找到了“Worldwide Fund for Nature”所在的句子，在解题中，我们困惑到底是选A，B还是C时，扫描选项，我们按照替换的法则 选项A 中“influential”-“有影响力的”的替换词在原文没有出现，而C答案中的“exaggerate”就是原文中的“overstate”，因此更加确定地选择答案 D。
三.主动替换定位法的替换如何准备
最后，雅思考生也许会问，那我怎么知道剑桥雅思考试的替换词有哪些?比如，我知道单词“language” 但我不知道它的替换词是“linguistic”，那怎么办?这个问题要回答，就指向了一个根本的答案：“任何技巧和方法都是建立在英语语言能力提高的基础上的，“linguistic同义language”，“variety同义diversity” 还有 “interest 尽然和appreciation凑成一对”，对于词汇量普遍只有3000-5000的一般中国考生而言，可能是难度不小，完全没有概念。但是一旦你的英语词汇量达到8000甚至更多，你会发现，这些同义替换不过就是“常识”。
现在，好在我们专业的雅思培训教师为大家准备了剑桥雅思常用的词汇替换列表，考生只需要熟读记忆这些替换关系，应对雅思考试是游刃有余了;同时也提高了自己的词汇量，雅思考试写作文时也不会用词单一，岂不美哉?
附表1 常见的词语替换类型：
1. 同义词替换。如 scientist 和 researcher 之间的替换，disadvantage 和 drawback 的替换，sign和indication的替换。
2. 同义词组的替换。如：keep to oneself 替换 be not friendly
3. 主动与被动的替换。The passengers were rescued by boats and pleasure-craft 替换 Boats and pleasure-craft came to rescue the passengers.
4. 加减关系的替换。如，原文为 The bottles made in most places contain about three-quarters new glass and the rest is recycled.
附表2 剑桥雅思4-6阅读常见用词替换情形
剑桥雅思456阅读真题中的非典型词语替换关系
1. Aesthetic=beautiful
2.Rigid = not yielding
3.Legitimate= have right to
4.long term=chronic
5.Recognize = identify
6. Ethical=Moral
7.Better=Improve
8. first=initial=primary
9.Important=worthy trying=significant=essential
10. Feasible=practical
Reflect=feature=represent11. Almost certainly=little doubt
12. plenty of=considerable=significant amount of
13. Modification=change=alteration=adjust
14. Susceptible=allergic predisposed vulnerable
15. mistaken=misconception=confusion=misunderstanding
16. have yet to determine =yet not known
17. release stress/tension= (psychic tension is) punctured
18. Diversity=variety
19. accompanying=with
20. Interest (for borrowing)=slightly more money
21. People=mortal=human=mankind
22. Live=residence=inhabitant附表3雅思阅读典型词语替换428组表
2.阅读题（填空，判断，标题等）词汇替换秘籍- 题干/原文考查的单词 正确的选项 词性 中文含义 1. abundant plentiful a. 大量的 2. accelerate increase v. 加速；加大 3. accessible available a. 可用的 4. account explain v. 解释；说明 5. account for explain v. 解释，说明 6. accumulate collect v. 聚集 7. adhere stick v. 黏附；胶着 8. adjunct addition n. 附加物 9. administered managed v. 管理 10.adorn decorate v. 装饰 11.adversely negatively ad. 不利地；有害地 12.advocate proponent n. 倡导者；辩护者 13.aesthetically artistically ad. 审美地；美学地 14.aided helped v. 帮助 15.alert wary a. 机敏的 16.alter change v. 改变；调整 17.alternative option n. 替代；替代物 18.altogether completely ad. 完全地 19.ancillary secondary a. 附属的；辅助的 20.annihilate conquer v. 消灭；征服 21.antagonist enemy n. 对手；敌人 22.antecedent predecessor n. 先辈 23.anticipate look forward to v. 期待；盼望 24.appealing attractive a. 吸引人的 25.apply used for v. 应用；适用 26.appreciated recognized v. 赏识 27.arduous difficult a. 艰巨的；艰苦的 28.article object n. 物品，物体 29.ascend climb v. 攀升；升高 30.assemble gather v. 装配；组合
因篇幅限制，本文列举其中30组替换
雅思阅读全真练习系列：How a Frenchman is reviving McDonald's in Europe
How a Frenchman is reviving McDonald's in Europe
A. When Denis Hennequin took over as the European boss of McDonald's in January 2004, the world's biggest restaurant chain was showing signs of recovery in America and Australia, but sales in Europe were sluggish or declining. One exception was France, where Mr Hennequin had done a sterling job as head of the group's French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to his compatriots. His task was to replicate this success in all 41 of the European countries where anti-globalisers' favourite enemy operates.
B. So far Mr Hennequin is doing well. Last year European sales increased by 5.8% and the number of customers by 3.4%, the best annual results in nearly 15 years. Europe accounted for 36% of the group's profits and for 28% of its sales. December was an especially good month as customers took to seasonal menu offerings in France and Britain, and to a promotion in Germany based on the game of Monopoly.
C Mr Hennequin's recipe for revival is to be more open about his company's operations, to be “locally relevant”, and to improve the experience of visiting his 6,400 restaurants. McDonald's is blamed for making people fat, exploiting workers, treating animals cruelly, polluting the environment and simply for being American. Mr Hennequin says he wants to engage in a dialogue with the public to address these concerns.
D. He introduced “open door” visitor days in each country which became hugely popular. In Poland alone some 50,000 visitors came to McDonald's through the visitors' programme last year. The Nutrition Information Initiative, launched last year, put detailed labels on McDonald's packaging with data on calories, protein, fat, carbohydrates and salt content. The details are also printed on tray-liners.
E. Mr Hennequin also wants people to know that “McJobs”, the low-paid menial jobs at McDonald's restaurants, are much better than people think. But some of his efforts have backfired: last year he sparked a controversy with the introduction of a “McPassport” that allows McDonald's employees to work anywhere in the European Union. Politicians accused the firm of a ploy to make cheap labour from eastern Europe more easily available to McDonald's managers across the continent.
F. To stay in touch with local needs and preferences, McDonald's employs local bosses as much as possible. A Russian is running McDonald's in Russia, though a Serb is in charge of Germany. The group buys mainly from local suppliers. Four-fifths of its supplies in France come from local farmers, for example. (Some of the French farmers who campaigned against the company in the late 1990s subsequently discovered that it was, in fact, buying their produce.) And it hires celebrities such as Heidi Klum, a German model, as local brand ambassadors.
G. In his previous job Mr Hennequin established a “design studio” in France to spruce up his company's drab restaurants and adapt the interior to local tastes. The studio is now masterminding improvements everywhere in Europe. He also set up a “food studio”, where cooks devise new recipes in response to local trends.
H. Given France's reputation as the most anti-American country in Europe, it seems odd that McDonald's revival in Europe is being led by a Frenchman, using ideas cooked up in the French market. But France is in fact the company's most profitable market after America. The market where McDonald's is weakest in Europe is not France, but Britain.
I. “Fixing Britain should be his priority,” says David Palmer, a restaurant analyst at UBS. Almost two-thirds of the 1,214 McDonald's restaurants in Britain are company-owned, compared with 40% in Europe and 15% in America. The company suffers from the volatility of sales at its own restaurants, but can rely on steady income from franchisees. So it should sell as many underperforming outlets as possible, says Mr Palmer.
J. M.Mark Wiltamuth, an analyst at Morgan Stanley, estimates that European company-owned restaurants' margins will increase slightly to 16.4% in 2007. This is still less than in the late 1990s and below America's 18-19% today. But it is much better than before Mr Hennequin's reign. He is already being tipped as the first European candidate for the group's top job in Illinois. Nobody would call that a McJob.
Questions 1-6 Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
TRUE if the statement reflects the claims of the writer
FALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
1. McDonald was showing the sign of recovery in all European countries except France after Denis Hennequin took office as the boss of Euro-markets.
2. Starting from last year, detailed labels are put on McDonald’s packaging and detailed information is also printed on tray-liners.
3. France is said to be the most anti-American country in Europe, but the ideas of the “open door” visiting days and “McPassport” are invented in the French market.
4. Britain possesses the weakest McDonald market among European countries and approximately 1214 McDonald’s restaurants are company-owned.
5. According to David Palmer, a restaurant analyst at UBS, David Hennequin should treat the problem about McDonald in Britain as the most important thing.
6. David Palmer suggested that the management of McDonalod in Italy should sell as many its outlets which lose money in business as possible for revival.
Questions 7-10 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 7-10 on your answe sheet.
7. The word “sterling” in line 3 of Paragraph A means__________.
A. difficult
B. menial
C. terrible
D. excellent
8. Which of the following statements on the accusation of MacDonald is NOT TRUE?
A. It tends to make people fat.
B. Its operations are very vague.
C. It tends to exploit workers.
D. It tends to treat animals cruelly.
9. Which of the following measures taken by Denis Hennequin produced undesired result?
A. “Food Studio” scheme.
B. “Open Door” visitor days.
C. The “McPassport” scheme.
D. The Nutrition Information Initiative.
10. What did Denis Hennequin do so as to respond to local trends?
A. set up a “Food Studio” .
B. established a “Design Studio”.
C. hired celebrities as local brand ambassadors.
D. employed local bosses as much as possible.
Questions 11-14 Complete each of the following statements (Questions 11-14) with words or number taken from Reading Passage 1.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.
11. After January 2004, McDonald was making improvement following a period of slump in America and Australia, but sales in Europe were ………………………….
12. Business of McDonald in France and Britain was particularly good in December since customers took to ……………………………..
13. Compared with other countries, France is McDonald’s ………………………. next to America.
14. ……………………. of McDonald’s restaurants in America are companied–owned and the figure is much lower than that in Britain.
