雅思阅读复习之找小标题heading题型复习攻略
雅思阅读复习之找小标题heading题型复习攻略的内容主要为讲解在雅思阅读复习中，难点题型heading题的3个难点和破解的办法。下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
雅思阅读复习之找小标题heading题型复习攻略
雅思阅读复习之找小标题heading题型复习攻略为大家带来雅思阅读中一种较为有难度的题型——寻找小标题也就是heading题型的题型分析和复习要点。。雅思阅读中的heading题型就是给每一个段落找小标题，简单地说就是概括段落大意，并把相应的段落大意和段落号码进行连线。今天我们主要讲在复习这类题型时会遇到的难点和克服的办法。
阅读考试的各种题型中，heading是一类难度较大的题型，很多学生反映对于这类题型把握不准，并且做题速度又很慢，一旦遇到考试中heading题的比例较大时，学生就会失去信心。那么，这种题究竟难在哪里呢?老师将heading题型的难度进行了剖析，分析认为其重点考查的难点分为以下几个类别。
一、段落含义分层
阅读文章中许多段落的含义并不是非常明显和集中的，有些段落包含了很多层的含义，因此学生很难决定哪一层的含义可以代表整个段落，再加之上下文之间如果有过渡的内容，使两个相邻段落看起来有重叠的含义，这样就更难确定每一段的主旨了。
其实，段落含义的分层是表面现象，也就是说，看上去一个段落有几层意思，其实这几层意思是统一的：前文铺垫、后文揭示出主旨;或者前文概括、后文进一步解释前文的内容，这两种是最常见的分层。大家只要根据段落的具体含义判断是哪种分层，然后就不难找出段落的主旨了。看下面的例子。
例1，ADVANTAGES OF PBLIC TRANSPORT，C段：
“There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther our where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes that. They are often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use…”
在这一段中，大家能够通过前几句总结出三层含义：1. 人们普遍认为财富的增长会促进私家车的使用;2. 欧洲城市的例子反驳了这一观点;3. 欧洲城市比美国城市富裕，但是在欧洲城市，车辆的使用并没有像美国城市一样多。于是这一段给大家造成了总结主旨的困难。其实，如果大家看到以上三句话之间的联系，就能体会到本段的主旨在于反驳第一句话的含义，后面的内容都是用对比的方式来反驳第一句话，这样，这一段看似分开的含义就集中在一起了。
例2，MAKETE INTEGRATED RURAL TRANSPORT PROJECT，E段：
“It would have been easy to criticize the MIRTP for using in the early phases a “top-down” approach, in which decisions were made by experts and officials before being handed down to communities, but it was necessary to start the process from the level of the governmental authorities of the district. It would have been difficult to respond to the requests of villagers and other rural inhabitants without the support and understanding of district authorities.”
这个段落中，首句的前半句旨在说明top-down approach是被批评的，而后半句的转折告诉我们信息：从地区政府向下推进和实施的方法是有必要的，因此，我们看到这个段落在强调转折后的内容，作者的主旨在于说明“应该以政府为起点向下进行”。
二、隐含匹配
隐含匹配的意思就是说，题目给出的所有heading与原文某段落的含义都不是明显的一致，而是需要我们仔细推敲两者之间的一致性，才能大胆地决定某一个heading适合这个段落。很多题目的概括性非常强，我们不能按照提及的个别关键词来判断，这样一来，做题时间就会延长，所以隐含匹配是最难把握的。甚至有时候教师在讲解题目时，告诉学生答案以后，学生仍然觉得不可思议，答案为什么和这个段落是一致的。
对于这种难点，建议考生只有在平时练习中准确把握句意，进而扩展到准确把握段落意义，才能判断出段落和题目的匹配。例如，
MAKING EVERY DROP COUNT，H段：
“On the other hand, dams, aqueducts and other kinds of infrastructure will still have to be built, particularly in developing countries where basic human needs have not been met. But such projects must be built to higher specifications and with more accountability to local people and their environment than in the past. And even in regions where new projects seem warranted, we must find ways to meet demands with fewer resources, respecting ecological criteria and to a smaller budget.”
在这个段路中，通过转折，我们可以确定文章的主旨在but后面。作者用了一系列的比较级形容词来强调今后这些projects应该比原来有所改进。在题目给出的heading中，没有任何一个体现了如何具体改进今后的工程，因此考生会觉得题目难以选出。但是，如果我们看到了划线的一系列比较级，我们可以把它们概括为：改进以后比原来好了很多，也就是说，我们在今后的工程中，要求和标准提高了很多，这样我们就选出了：The need to raise standards这个标题。
三、题目干扰性强
一些题目干扰性非常强，有时候两个heading看起来是十分相似的意思，甚至有一个的关键词比另外一个(正确答案)更多或者更贴近这个段落，导致学生毫不犹豫地选择关键词多的那个heading，这种干扰也是令学生头疼不解的难点。我们看下面的heading题：
Effects of irrigation on sedimentation
The danger of flooding the Cairo area
Causing pollution in the Mediterranean
这三个选项都涉及了原文D段的关键词(划线部分)，虽然这三个选项的意思并不一样，但是都与原文有所关联，因此其中存在干扰项，大家要根据原文D段的具体含义来选择，而不能靠某一个或某几个关键词来选择。
再比如，这两个heading：The expansion of international tourism in recent years
Fragile regions and the reasons for the expansion of tourism there
这两个选项也看起来非常相似，因此学生们会忽略两者的区别，其实两个选项的侧重点并不一样，第一个讲述的是expansion的过程;而第二个讲的是expansion的原因。
综上所述，提醒考生们在做heading题时应该注意这三个难点，不要单凭关键词做题，要仔细推敲段落完整的含义，选项间的区别，以及段中句与句之间的关系，才能顺利地做好这类题目。这种题型是比较耗时间的题，建议可以先做其他题型，最后做这个不影响其他题目顺序的题型。
以上就是雅思阅读复习之找小标题heading题型复习攻略的所有内容。从文中我们可以看出解答找小标题题型还是有一定的方法和技巧的。如果有同学对这一类的题型有障碍，可以从剑雅题里面专门挑出找小标题的题型按照上面的方法制定针对性的复习计划。
雅思考试阅读句子中的信号词
A、表示顺承和递进关系
例词：also, apart from, besides, moreover, furthermore
例句：The Victorian style of heavily ornamented interiors prevailed in middle-class homes in England and the United States during the latter half of the 19th century. Moreover, in both countries, techniques of mass production promoted the use of reproductions in many different styles.
B、表示对比与转折关系
例词：but, however, though, although, yet, nevertheless, on the other hand
例句：Education is the passport to modern life, and a pre-condition of national prosperity. But more than a quarter of the world’s adults cannot read or write, and more than 100 million young children are deprived of even a primary school education.
|C、表示相似关系
例词：like, as, likewise, similar to, in the same way
例句：Like other ways of generating electricity, wind power does not leave the environment entirely unharmed.
|D、表示时间先后关系
例词：now, later, before, after, since, when, first, second, next, at last, eventually, finally
例句：As the volunteers began to fall asleep, the electrodes detected the slow rolling eye movements which could be seen easily through their eyelids. Soon after, the volunteers fell deeper into sleep and their eyes became still.
E、表示排列次序
例词：another, the second…even more…the most… the best… the least…
例句：This situation is compounded by yet another factor.
F、表示因果关系
例词：as, because, for, since, owing to, thanks to, which in turn, lead to, as a result, result in, consequently, therefore, thus, hence
例句：As they became independent, most developing countries enthusiastically embraced education.
G、表示举例或说明关系
例词：that is to say, in other words, i. E. Such as, for example, for instance
例句：More recent developments such as those seen on California wind farms have dramatically changed the economic picture for wind energy.
以上对些雅思阅读考试的备考要点及应对策略进行了较为全面的讲解，同学们不妨加以参考，并根据以上给出的建议不断优化雅思阅读的备考方法，提高备考效率，从而在雅思考试中发挥出更好的水平。
雅思考试阅读材料：全球变暖问题
近日来，随着温室效应的加剧，地球两极的温度也在逐年升高，下面这篇雅思阅读材料就是关于全球变暖以及温室效应这个环境问题的，是非常不错的雅思阅读材料。下面是详细内容，供大家参考，希望给大家带来帮助。
推荐雅思阅读方法：首先快速阅读全文，掌握文章大意，提高阅读速度;再进行精读训练，学习其中的词汇和语言的用法。
A Canary in the Coal Mine
The Arctic seems to be getting warmer. So what?
A. “Climate change in the Arctic is a reality now!” So insists Robert Corell, an oceanographer with the American Meteorological Society. Wild-eyed proclamations are all too common when it comes to global warming, but in this case his assertion seems well founded.
B. At first sight, the ACIA’s (American Construction Inspectors Association) report’s conclusions are not so surprising. After all, scientists have long suspected that several factors lead to greater temperature swings at the poles than elsewhere on the planet. One is albedo — the posh scientific name for how much sunlight is absorbed by a planet’s surface, and how much is reflected. Most of the Polar Regions are covered in snow and ice, which are much more reflective than soil or ocean. If that snow melts, the exposure of dark earth (which absorbs heat) acts as a feedback loop that accelerates warming. A second factor that makes the poles special is that the atmosphere is thinner there than at the equator, and so less energy is required to warm it up. A third factor is that less solar energy is lost in evaporation at the frigid poles than in the steamy tropics.
C. And yet the language of this week’s report is still eye-catching: “the Arctic is now experiencing some of the most rapid and severe climate change on Earth.” The last authoritative assessment of the topic was done by the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2001. That report made headlines by predicting a rise in sea level of between 10cm (four inches) and 90cm, and a temperature rise of between 1.4°C and 5.8°C over this century. However, its authors did not feel confident in predicting either rapid polar warming or the speedy demise of the Greenland ice sheet. Pointing to evidence gathered since the IPCC report, this week’s report suggests trouble lies ahead.
D. The ACIA reckons that in recent decades average temperatures have increased almost twice as fast in the Arctic as they have in the rest of the world. Skeptics argue that there are places, such as the high latitudes of the Greenland ice sheet and some buoys at sea, where temperatures seem to have fallen. On the other hand, there are also places, such as parts of Alaska, where they have risen far faster than average. Robin Bell, a geophysicist at Columbia University who was not involved in the report’s compilation, believes that such conflicting local trends point to the value of the international, interdisciplinary approach of this week’s report. As he observes, “climate change, like the weather, can be patchy and you can get fooled unless you look at the whole picture.”
E. And there is other evidence of warming to bolster the ACIA’s case. For example, the report documents the widespread melting of glaciers and of sea ice, a trend already making life miserable for the polar bears and seals that depend on that ice. It also notes a shortening of the snow season. The most worrying finding, however, is the evidence — still preliminary — that the Greenland ice sheet may be melting faster than previously thought.
F. That points to one reason the world should pay attention to this week’s report. Like a canary in a coal mine, the hypersensitive Polar Regions may well experience the full force of global warming before the rest of the planet does. However, there is a second and bigger reason to pay attention. An unexpectedly rapid warming of the Arctic could also lead directly to greater climate change elsewhere on the planet.
G. Arctic warming may influence the global climate in several ways. One is that huge amounts of methane, a particularly potent greenhouse gas, are stored in the permafrost of the tundra. Although a thaw would allow forests to invade the tundra, which would tend to ameliorate any global warming that is going on (since trees capture carbon dioxide, the greenhouse gas most talked about in the context of climate change), a melting of the permafrost might also lead to a lot of trapped methane being released into the atmosphere, more than offsetting the cooling effects of the new forests.
H. Another worry is that Arctic warming will influence ocean circulation in ways that are not fully understood. One link in the chain is the salinity of seawater, which is decreasing in the north Atlantic thanks to an increase in glacial melt waters. “Because fresh water and salt water have different densities, this ‘freshening’ of the ocean could change circulation patterns.” said Dr. Thomson, a British climate expert. “The most celebrated risk is to the mid-Atlantic Conveyor Belt, a current which brings warm water from the tropics to north-western Europe, and which is responsible for that region’s unusually mild winters,” he added. Some of the ACIA’s experts are fretting over evidence of reduced density and salinity in waters near the Arctic that could adversely affect this current.
I. The biggest popular worry, though, is that melting Arctic ice could lead to a dramatic rise in sea level. Here, a few caveats are needed. For a start, much of the ice in the Arctic is floating in the sea already. Archimedes’s principle shows that the melting of this ice will make no immediate difference to the sea’s level, although it would change its albedo. Second, if land ice, such as that covering Greenland, does melt in large quantities, the process will take centuries. And third, although the experts are indeed worried that global warming might cause the oceans to rise, the main way they believe this will happen is by thermal expansion of the water itself.
J. Nevertheless, there is some cause for nervousness. As the ACIA researchers document, there are signs that the massive Greenland ice sheet might be melting more rapidly than was thought a few years ago. Cracks in the sheet appear to be allowing melt water to trickle to its base, explains Michael Oppenheimer, a climatologist at Princeton University who was not one of the report’s authors. That water may act as a lubricant, speeding up the sheet’s movement into the sea. If the entire sheet melted, the sea might rise by 6-7 meters. But when will this kind of disastrous ice disintegration really happen? While acknowledging it this century is still an unlikely outcome, Dr. Oppenheimer argues that the evidence of the past few years suggests it is more likely to happen over the next few centuries if the world does not reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. He worries that an accelerating Arctic warming trend may yet push the ice melt beyond an “irreversible on / off switch”.
K. That is scary stuff, but some scientists remain unimpressed. Patrick Michaels, a climatologist at the University of Virginia, complains about the ACIA’s data selection, which he believes may have produced evidence of “spurious warming”. He also points out, in a new book, that even if Arctic temperatures are rising, that need not lead directly to the ice melting. As he puts it, “Under global warming, Greenland’s ice indeed might grow, especially if the warming occurs mostly in winter. After all, warming the air ten degrees when the temperature is dozens of degrees below freezing is likely to increase snowfall, since warmer air is generally moister and precipitates more water.”
L. Nils-Axel Morner, a Swedish climate expert based at Stockholm University, points out that observed rises in sea levels have not matched the IPCC’s forecasts. Since this week’s report relies on many such IPCC assumptions, he concludes it must be wrong. Others acknowledge that there is a warming trend in the Arctic, but insist that the cause is natural variability and not the burning of fossil fuels. Such folk point to the extraordinarily volatile history of Arctic temperatures. These varied, often suddenly, long before sport-utility vehicles were invented. However, some evidence also shows that the past few millennia have been a period of unusual stability in the Arctic. It is just possible that the current period of warming could tip the delicate Arctic climate system out of balance, and so drag the rest of the planet with it.
M. Not everybody wants to hear a story like that. But what people truly believe is happening can be seen in their actions better than in their words. One of the report’s most confident predictions is that the breakup of Arctic ice will open the region to long-distance shipping and, ironically, to drilling for oil and gas. It is surely no coincidence, then, that the Danish government, which controls Greenland, has just declared its intention to claim the mineral rights under the North Pole. It, at least, clearly believes that the Arctic ocean may soon be ice-free.
以上就是关于全球变暖以及温室效应这个环境问题的雅思阅读全部内容，非常详细的介绍了相关的话题，大家可以在备考雅思阅读考试和雅思小作文的时候，对这篇文章进行适当的参考和阅读。
