2020下半年翻译资格考试二级笔译练习题
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2020下半年翻译资格考试二级笔译练习题
How Healthy Is Your Office?
For decades, many developers and architects worked to ensure that their buildings were kind to the planet. Now, their focus is on the effect that buildings have on the people who work in them.
Studies show that healthy workers tend to be more productive, a concept that is behind a growing trend in real estate to create offices with measurable wellness benefits. One frequently cited Harvard study showed that improving air quality caused mental cognition to soar.
The workplaces are designed to coax people to change their behavior. Stairs are placed front and center, for instance, to encourage their use.
But occupants benefit simply from being in an office that has been designed to optimize their health. For instance, the circadian lighting that changes throughout the day, keeping pace with the brightening and dimming of sunlight, has been shown to improve sleeping at night.
Developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fitwel is based primarily on public health data and promotes strategies shown to have the greatest effect on health.
After testing the system on workplaces of the General Services Administration, the C.D.C. contracted with the Center for Active Design, a nonprofit organization in New York, to administer the program and apply it more broadly.
Started last year, Fitwel is essentially a do-it-yourself web-based checklist and scoring system. A building owner or manager enters information about a facility and submits photographic evidence.
“It was designed to be so simple that you can walk around a building with a tablet and check on a checklist and take photos with the tablet and upload them,” said Liz York, the C.D.C.’s chief sustainability officer. “At the end, you click a button.”
Reviewers process the information and give the user a score as well as a to-do list to improve office conditions.
Some companies, such as the commercial real estate firm Tishman Speyer, which has a seat on Fitwel’s advisory board, are applying the program across their portfolio of buildings.
“You can use Fitwel in an individual building, but we want to support massive users,” said Joanna Frank, president and chief executive of the Center for Active Design. “We’re looking at large-scale market transformation.”
你的办公环境够健康么?
数十年来，许多开发商和建筑师都努力确保他们的建筑是对这个星球友好的。如今，他们将重心放在了建筑对在其中工作的人的影响上。
研究显示，健康的员工工作效率更高，这个概念支撑着房地产行业一个日益增长的趋势，即打造健康福祉可以计量的办公室。一项经常被引用的哈佛大学的研究表明，空气质量的改善可以带来心理认知能力的极大提高。
工作场合的设计是为了引导人们改变自己的行为。比如，为了鼓励人们多加利用，楼梯放在了前方和中间的位置。
但在一个以促进健康为设计宗旨的办公室里，仅仅是身在其中就能获益了。例如，以24小时为周期的照明会在一天内不断变化，与日光的增强和转暗保持同步，这一举措已经被证明能够改善人们在晚间的睡眠质量。
由疾病控制和预防中心开发的Fitwel主要基于公共卫生数据，并推广已经对健康显示出最大影响的战略。
在对总务管理局办公室的系统进行测试后，疾病控制和预防中心与纽约的一个非营利组织积极设计中心签订了合同，以管理并更广泛地应用该项目。
从去年开始的Fitwel基本上是一个自己动手的在线清单和评分系统。一栋建筑的所有者或管理者输入有关一个设施的信息并提交照片证据。
“它的设计非常简单，你可以带着平板电脑在一座建筑里走动，查看清单，用平板电脑拍照并上传，”疾病控制和预防中心首席可持续发展官利兹·约克说。“到最后，点击一个按钮。”
审阅者会处理这些信息，给用户一个评分和一张待办事项清单，以改善办公条件。
包括商业房地产公司铁狮门在内的一些公司是Fitwel的顾问委员会成员，这些公司正在它们进行的开发项目中应用它。
“你可以在一栋单独的建筑中使用Fitwel，但是我们希望支持大量用户，”积极设计中心总裁兼首席执行官乔安娜·弗兰克说。“我们正在考虑大规模市场转型。”
2020下半年翻译资格考试二级笔译练习题
Starbucks’ Frappuccino Gets a Sugar Makeover
Starbucks Corp. is putting its decadent Frappuccino on a diet, looking to reduce the drink’s high sugar levels, which have scared away increasingly health-conscious consumers and hurt sales.
Some versions of the drink contain more than twice as much sugar as a standard Snickers bar and far more calories. A 16-ounce Mocha Frappuccino contains 410 calories, compared with 250 in a 1.86-ounce Snickers.
It has been tough for Starbucks to lower the calories and keep the sweet taste that consumers expect.
“It was incredibly challenging to mimic what was taken out,” said Jason Davis, senior manager of beverage innovation at Starbucks. To achieve a similar texture and taste, the company tested more than 20 types of cream, 70 different vanilla flavorings and created a new bottle to make sure the proper amounts of flavor are dispensed.
Getting this right is important to Starbucks because the Frappuccino remains a key sales driver. In fiscal 2015, sales of the blended Frappuccinos it sells in its cafes – not the bottled version sold in grocery stores – rose 17% and represented 14% of revenue at Starbucks U.S. company-operated cafes. This year through May, Frappuccino sales have declined by 3%, and the beverage now accounts for just 11% of that revenue.
The company figured that if it could remove some of the sugar and calories from Frappuccinos, customers would buy more of them, particularly in the afternoon, when people typically buy them as a treat. Starbucks is testing the healthier Frappuccinos with customers in 600 Starbucks stores in California, Missouri and Rhode Island.
星巴克计划提出健康版星冰乐
星巴克针对旗下让人有罪恶感的星冰乐(Frappuccino)实行“瘦身”计划，试图降低高糖含量，星冰乐的高糖含量已经吓跑了越来越注重健康的消费者，同时对销售额造成影响。
星冰乐的某些版本含糖量是标准士力架(Snickers)的两倍多，卡路里含量也高得多。一杯16盎司的摩卡星冰乐含有410卡路里，相比之下，一块1.86盎司的士力架卡路里为250。
对于星巴克来说，在降低卡路里含量的同时保持消费者所期望的甜味一直是件很困难的事情。
星巴克饮料创新部高级经理Jason Davis称，“要想模拟那些被去掉的糖分是非常具有挑战性的。”为了达到相似的口感和口味，该公司测试了20多种奶油，70种不同的香草调味料，并制作了一款新杯型，以确保口味调配适当。
实现上述创新对于星巴克来说至关重要，因为星冰乐仍然是推动销售的一个关键动力。星巴克在其咖啡店销售的多款星冰乐(不是杂货店销售的瓶装星冰乐)2015财年销售额增长17%，占该公司美国咖啡店收入的14%。截至今年5月份，星冰乐销售额已下跌3%，总收入占比仅为11%。
该公司认为，如果能从星冰乐中去除部分糖分和卡路里，顾客购买量将会出现上升，尤其是考虑到人们通常会将在下午购买星冰乐作为一种休闲方式。星巴克正在加州、密苏里州和罗德岛州的600家门店测试健康版星冰乐。
2020下半年翻译资格考试二级笔译练习题
When We Eat, or Don’t Eat, May Be Critical for Health
Nutrition scientists have long debated the best diet for optimal health. But now some experts believe that it’s not just what we eat that’s critical for good health, but when we eat it.
A growing body of research suggests that our bodies function optimally when we align our eating patterns with our circadian rhythms. Studies show that chronically disrupting this rhythm – by eating late meals or nibbling on midnight snacks, for example – could be a recipe for weight gain and metabolic trouble.
That is the premise of a new book, “The Circadian Code,” by Satchin Panda, a professor at the Salk Institute and an expert on circadian rhythms research. Dr. Panda argues that people improve their metabolic health when they eat their meals in a daily 8- to 10-hour window, taking their first bite of food in the morning and their last bite early in the evening.
This approach, known as early time-restricted feeding, stems from the idea that human metabolism follows a daily rhythm, with our hormones, enzymes and digestive systems primed for food intake in the morning and afternoon. Many people, however, snack and graze from roughly the time they wake up until shortly before they go to bed. Dr. Panda has found in his research that the average person eats over a 15-hour or longer period each day, starting with something like milk and coffee shortly after rising and ending with a glass of wine, a late night meal or a handful of chips, nuts or some other snack shortly before bed.
That pattern of eating, he says, conflicts with our biological rhythms.
Scientists have long known that the human body has a master clock in the brain, located in the hypothalamus, that governs our sleep-wake cycles in response to bright light exposure. A couple of decades ago, researchers discovered that there is not just one clock in the body but a collection of them. Every organ has an internal clock that governs its daily cycle of activity.
During the day, the pancreas increases its production of the hormone insulin, which controls blood sugar levels, and then slows it down at night. The gut has a clock that regulates the daily ebb and flow of enzymes, the absorption of nutrients and the removal of waste. The communities of trillions of bacteria that comprise the microbiomes in our guts operate on a daily rhythm as well. These daily rhythms are so ingrained that they are programmed in our DNA: Studies show that in every organ, thousands of genes switch on and switch off at roughly the same time every day.
“We’ve inhabited this planet for thousands of years, and while many things have changed, there has always been one constant: Every single day the sun rises and at night it falls,” Dr. Panda said. “We’re designed to have 24-hour rhythms in our physiology and metabolism. These rhythms exist because, just like our brains need to go to sleep each night to repair, reset and rejuvenate, every organ needs to have down time to repair and reset as well.”
吃什么很重要，什么时候吃也一样
长期以来，营养学家们一直在争论对于理想的健康状况而言，最佳的日常饮食是什么。但是如今一些专家认为，重要的不仅仅是吃什么，还有什么时候吃。
越来越多的研究表明，当饮食模式与生物钟相匹配时，我们的身体能够以最佳状态运转。长期打乱这种规律，例如吃得很晚或是在深夜吃一点零食，都可能导致体重增加并产生新陈代谢问题。
以这样的结论为前提，索尔克研究所教授及人体昼夜节律研究方面专家的萨钦·潘达在新书《节律密码》中提出，把每天的可进食时段控制在8-10个小时之内，即在早晨吃第一顿、傍晚吃最后一顿，有助于提升人们的新陈代谢健康。
这一方法也被称为“提早限时进食法”，它源于人类的新陈代谢遵循日常节律，即我们体内的激素水平、酶以及消化系统都更倾向于在早晨和下午进食这一理念。然而很多人大约从早晨醒来一直到睡前都在吃东西。潘达博士在他的研究中发现，平均人们每天在长达15个小时或更长的时段内进食，通常是早晨起来喝一杯牛奶或咖啡，睡前再喝一杯酒、吃顿夜宵，或是一大把薯片、坚果等其他零食。
潘达教授说，这种饮食模式与我们的生物节律相违背。
科学家们早就发现人类大脑中存在一个主生物钟，它位于下丘脑，能够对亮光进行反馈，从而控制睡眠和清醒的周期。几十年前，研究者们发现人体内存在大量的生物钟，而不是仅有一个。每个器官都有一个内在的生物钟，掌管着它的日常活动周期。
白天，胰腺会增加胰岛素的分泌，用以控制血糖水平，而到了晚上这一过程就会减慢。肠道也有一个生物钟，用以管理每天酶的分泌量的起伏、营养的吸收以及废物的排出。我们肠道内数以亿计的细菌构成的菌群也以日节律运转。这些日节律是如此根深蒂固，以至于它们被写入了我们的基因：研究表明，在每个器官当中，成千上万的基因都在每天大约同一时刻工作和休息。
“我们在这个星球上居住了数千年，尽管很多事情发生了变化，但是仍有一件事是永恒的，那就是每天太阳都会照常升起和落下。”潘达教授说。“我们在生理和代谢上被设定好拥有以24小时为周期的节律。这些节律之所以存在，是因为就像我们的大脑每晚需要修复、重启和恢复活力一样，每个器官也需要有休息时间来修复和重启。
2020下半年翻译资格考试二级笔译练习题
冷战思维已经过时，搞WIPO竞选政治化不得人心
The Cold War Mentality Is Outdated and Politicizing WIPO’s Election Is Against the Will of Peoples
中国驻南非大使 林松添
H.E. Lin Songtian, Ambassador of China to South Africa
2020年3月4日至5日，世界知识产权组织(WIPO)将投票选出下任总干事。日前参与角逐的有中国提名的该组织现任副总干事王彬颖，以及分别来自哥伦比亚、加纳、哈萨克斯坦、秘鲁和新加坡5名候选人。
On March 4-5, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) will vote to elect its next Director-General. Wang Binying, the current Deputy Director-General of WIPO nominated by China, and five other candidates from Colombia, Ghana, Kazakhstan, Peru and Singapore are now vying for the post.
很遗憾看到，美国务卿蓬佩奥妄称，“让中国领导一个帮助制定跨境知识产权政策的机构是荒谬的”。美国白宫国家贸易委员会主任纳瓦罗在《金融时报》发表文章诬称，“不应让中国控制世界知识产权组织”。美前总统国家安全事务助理博尔顿更在推特上叫嚣，“如中国不能在新冠病毒这样关键的问题上保持透明，我们当然不能相信他们能保护美国的创新。这就是为什么中国(候选人)不能成为世界知识产权组织总干事的原因”。
It is unfortunate to see that US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo claimed that “it is absurd to let China lead an organization that rolls out cross-border intellectual property policy”. Peter Navarro, Director of the Office of Trade and Manufacturing Policy in the White House published an article on the Financial Times, saying that “China should not be allowed to control WIPO”. Former US National Security Advisor John Bolton even claimed on his Twitter that “if China cannot be transparent on such a critical issue as the coronavirus, we certainly cannot believe that they can protect US innovation. That’s why the Chinese candidate cannot become the Director-General of WIPO”.
美国还不遗余力向一些国家施压，逼迫他们放弃支持中国候选人，甚至以停止援助等不光彩手段进行威胁讹诈，企图把专业性极强的国际组织选举搞成政治闹剧，竭力扶持美国的傀儡和代言人。
The United States has also spared no effort to pressure some countries to give up supporting the Chinese candidate, and even threatened and coerced them by such dishonorable means as stopping offering aid. In doing so, the US is attempting to turn the highly professional international election into a political farce and doing its utmost to support its own puppet.
这就是美国一贯宣扬的民主自由选举，真让人所不齿。
Is this in line with the spirit of democratic and free election that the United States has always advocated? It is nothing but a shame.
美国那些政客的言行，明显带有意识形态和政治偏见。他们以攻击中国为名，行干涉中国内政和国际组织正常运作之实。可见，那些美国人仍然固守着过时的“零和博弈”等冷战思维。
The words and deeds of those US politicians are obviously ideologically-motivated and politically-biased. Under the disguise of attacking China, they are actually interfering in China’s internal affairs and the normal operation of international organizations. Apparently, those US politicians are still obsessed with the outdated “zero-sum game” Cold-War mentality.
时代变了!世界变了!中国变了!中国和世界人民早已看穿了美国那些反华势力的险恶用心和卑鄙企图。那些人攻击中国疫情防控不透明的论调，显然没有市场。
The times has changed! The world has changed! China has changed! The Chinese people and peoples around the world have already seen through the ill intentions and despicable attempts of those anti-China forces in the United States. Obviously, their attacks on China’s so called “opaque” epidemic prevention and control measures will have no market.
事实胜于雄辩，公道自在人心。新冠疫情发生后，习近平总书记亲自指挥部署全国抗击疫情战斗，中国政府采取了史上最严格、最全面、最彻底的全国联防联控措施，坚决果断遏制住新冠疫情在中国大陆蔓延，有效阻断了疫情对外输出，最大限度地维护了中国和世界人民的健康和生命安全，为世界各国紧急应对突发公共卫生安全树立了新典范。
Facts speak louder than words and justice will prevail. After the outbreak of the COVID-19, General Secretary Xi Jinping personally commanded and deployed the nationwide battle against the epidemic. The Chinese government has adopted the most comprehensive, rigorous, thorough and effective national joint prevention and control measures to resolutely curb the spread of the COVID-19 in China and out of China. We have also effectively cut off the spread of the epidemic to other countries, thus protecting the life and health of not only the Chinese people but also all peoples around the world. We are proud to say that China has set a new standard for the global response to public health emergencies.
同时，中国政府始终本着公开、透明、负责任的态度，同世界卫生组织和国际社会积极开展毫无保留的信息交流和合作，用最短的时间确定并第一时间同世卫组织分享了部分毒株全基因组序列，成功研制了快速检测试剂盒并同非洲等发展中国家分享;主动邀请包括美国专家等在内的世界卫生组织(WHO)专家赴华实地考察，形成国际社会联防联控体系和工作机制。WHO专家团队亲临抗疫前线考察后，总干事谭德塞赞赏中国高度负责任态度，感谢中方为全球疫情防控赢得了时间，为世界防疫树立了新标杆新典范;中国-WHO新冠疫情联合专家考察组外方组长布鲁斯·艾尔沃德表示，中国是全球应对新冠疫情最有经验、效果最好的国家，建议各国学习中国的快速响应机制。
Meanwhile, acting with an open, transparent and responsible attitude, the Chinese government has proactively carried out information exchange and cooperation with the WHO and the international community without reservation. We have identified and shared with the WHO the whole genome sequences of virus strains in the shortest possible time, and successfully developed rapid detection kits and shared them with the WHO and developing countries in Africa. We have invited the WHO experts, including American experts, to visit China and swiftly put in place a joint prevention and control system and working mechanism. After the WHO team of experts visited the front-line of the anti-epidemic battle in China, WHO Director-General Hon. Tedros appreciated China’s highly responsible attitude, and thanked China for gaining time for global epidemic prevention and control efforts and setting a new standard and model for global epidemic prevention; Bruce Aylward, the head of the China-WHO COVID-19 joint investigation group, declared that China is the most experienced and successful country in the global response to COVID-19, and all countries shall learn from China’s aggressive response mechanism.
反观美国，2009年美国爆发H1N1流感疫情，6个月后才宣布全国进入紧急状态，任由疫情蔓延扩散至214个国家和地区，造成6100万人感染，近30万人死亡。据美国疾病预防控制中心(CDC)报告，自2019年10月1日至2020年1月25日美国流感季已导致1900万人感染，至少1万人死亡。2010年到2019年，每年有超过3.7万名美国人死于流感。
By contrast, in the United States, six months after the outbreak of the H1N1 influenza epidemic in 2009, the national emergency was declared. As a result, the epidemic was spread to 214 countries and regions, causing 61 million infections and nearly 300,000 deaths globally. According to the report from US Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), during the influenza season from October 1, 2019 to January 25, 2020, there were 19 million infections and at least 10,000 deaths in the US. From 2010 to 2019, more than 37,000 Americans died of influenza every year.
如此劣迹斑斑，美国还居然有人敢大谈人权、透明，真让人感到羞耻和可怜。
With such a poor record, it is really a shame and pity to see that those Americans still dare to keep talking about human rights and transparency.
WIPO总干事选举本应是一场产权界专业人士的严肃、公平竞争，关键是看候选人的综合能力和竞争力，但美国却将此变成了一场政治游戏，纠集西方发达国家和亲西方势力，千方百计阻挠中方候选人王彬颖女士当选，以图始终牢牢掌控WIPO。对美方如此政治图谋，相信所有发展中国家都不会接受。
The election of WIPO’s Director General should be a serious and fair competition among property rights professionals, and the key point is to judge the comprehensive capability and competitiveness of the candidates. However, the United States has turned this into a political game, and rallied other Western allies and pro-Western forces to try every means to block the election of the Chinese candidate, Ms. Wang Binying, so as to firmly control WIPO for long. I believe that no developing countries will accept such a political plot of certain Western countries.
中国已成为全球创新大国和知识产权大国，2008年以来每年对世界经济增长贡献率超过30%。中国研发人员数量稳居世界第一位。研发经费支出从2006年至2018年年均增长17%，已位居世界第二，成为世界上科技创新发展最快的国家之一。
中方候选人王彬颖女士已为WIPO效力近30年，历任总干事办公室高级顾问、战略计划及政策发展局局长、行政管理及大会事务执行局长、助理总干事、副总干事等职务，在组织管理和处理复杂事务方面能力出众，在国际知识产权界以及WIPO内部享有很高声誉，是公认的经验最丰富、能力最强、最具竞争力的候选人。
China has become a leading country in terms of innovation and intellectual property rights protection, contributing more than 30% of world economic growth annually since 2008. The number of R&D personnel in China ranks first in the world. China’s R&D expenditure has increased by 17% annually from 2006 to 2018, ranking second in the world. China has become one of the countries with the fastest growing innovation capability in the world. The Chinese candidate Ms. Wang Binying has worked for WIPO for nearly 30 years, serving as Senior Adviser to the Office of the Director General, Director of the Bureau of Strategic Planning and Policy Development, Executive Director of Administrative Management and General Assembly Affairs, Assistant Director General and Deputy Director General. She has outstanding capabilities in managing and handling complex affairs, and enjoys a high reputation in the international intellectual property community and within WIPO. She is well recognized as the most experienced, capable and competitive candidate.
王彬颖女士是WIPO总干事的最佳人选，完全有能力带领产权组织推动国际知识产权事业平衡有效发展，促进2030年可持续发展目标的落实。此外，WIPO历史上未产生过女性领导者，王当选将促进国际组织领导团队性别平等,符合国际社会普遍期待。
王彬颖女士高度重视非洲的知识产权发展，积极推动产权组织和中国增加对非洲的技术援助，支持非洲产权事业发展。王彬颖女士不仅是代表中国，更是代表非洲和广大发展中国家参选。王当选必将为WIPO注入新思想和新动能，必将极大促进包括非洲在内的广大发展中国家知识产权工作发展，助力发展中国家工业化、信息化、现代化，使世界更多国家和人民从中更多受益。
Ms. Wang Binying is the best candidate for WIPO Director-General and is fully capable of leading WIPO to promote the balanced and effective development of the international intellectual property cause and the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Additionally, there has been no female leader in WIPO’s history, and Wang’s election will help to promote gender equality in the leading posts of international organizations and meet the common expectations of the international community. Ms. Wang Binying attaches great importance to the development of intellectual property rights in Africa and the developing countries, and actively promotes WIPO and China to increase technical assistance to Africa so as to support the development of property rights in Africa and the developing countries. Ms. Wang Binying not only represents China, but also represents Africa and the developing countries at large. Wang’s election will inject new ideas and impetus into WIPO, greatly promote the development of intellectual property rights in developing countries, Africa in particular, and help developing countries with industrialization, IT application and modernization, so as to deliver more benefits to more countries and peoples in the world.
我们对王彬颖女士的能力充满信心，对其他国家的候选人充满敬意。各国都是主权国家，都有依照本国利益，独立决定投票立场的权利。中方相信，所有主持正义、坚守原则的国家都会坚决抵制美国任性霸道、无视规则的不民主行为，做出明智选择。
We have full confidence in Ms. Wang Binying’s ability and due respect for all the candidates from other countries for a fair election. All countries are sovereign states and have the right to decide independently on their votes in accordance with their own national interests. China believes that all countries that uphold justice will resolutely resist such self-willed, hegemonic and undemocratic acts of the United States and make their wise choices.
