托福写作提升之如何为写作“谋篇布局”
托福考试改革以后，写作考试分为两个部分，分别是独立写作和综合写作，这两个版块考试的形式不同，考察的要点也不相同，下面小编就和大家分享 托福写作提升之 如何为写作“谋篇布局”，来欣赏一下吧。
托福写作提升之 如何为写作“谋篇布局”?
一.托福写作考试考试形式
首先让我们了解一下新托福写作的考试形式，考查重点以及评分标准，然之后，像所有的应试培训一样，我们再从评分标准切入，逆向回溯应试技巧。新托福写作是听说读写四个单项中最后一个考察的项目(考试顺序是阅读-听力-口语-写作)。当其他几个单项考完之后广大考生可能就已经有些疲惫了，虽然考试安排了10分钟的休息时间但是其效果可能并不明显。从某种角度上来说这不仅仅意味着前面单项的表现会直接影响到考生写作单项的应考心态，同时还也意味着对考生的生理和心理素质提出了更高的要求。写作考试共55分钟左右，分为综合写作和独立写作两项。综合写作独创性的将考生的阅读理解能力，听力理解能力和分析性写作能力进行综合性的考察。考生需要首先要在3分钟之内阅读一篇300字的文章，文章一般分为四段，分为开头段以及三段对于某话题的观点。然后文章从电脑屏幕上退去，考生接着需要听一段1分30秒到2分30秒左右长度的讲座。讲座会针对上面的阅读文章逐一提出三个观点。因为听力录音只会放一次，所以这个时候考生就需要对这些观点进行快速高效的笔录。然后刚才的阅读文章会再一次出现在电脑屏幕的左侧，而在屏幕的右侧，考生被要求写一篇150-225字的文章来分析解释听力内容和阅读内容之间的关系。接下来的独立写作就比较的中规中矩，这是与旧托福写作类似的命题作文。考生被要求在30分钟的时间内完成300字以上的命题作文写作。
二.托福写作考察内容
新托福写作首先让我们留意到的就是对写作速度的考察。可能是考虑到写作是通过键盘打字输入速度较快，所以相比其他英语考试，新托福写作对字数上的要求明显偏高(如雅思大作文只要求40分钟完成250字以上)。从评分标准上来看，综合写作考察了：内容的完整性和准确性;文章的组织机构;词汇和语法的正确性和准确性。其中第一点考察的是考生对阅读和听力之中的信息点的掌握情况。而第二点考察的是我们的文章谋篇布局，第三点才是考察了大家的英语能力。
独立写作考察了：有效回应题目，阐明文章主题;逻辑条理清楚，论证充分展开;内容连贯一致;遣词造句的能力。同理，上述的第一点考察的是考生切题的能力;第二点考察的是谋篇布局的能力;第三点考察的是考生逻辑论证的能力，最后一点才是直接考察考生英语语言的能力。任何的英语写作考试都考察了写作能力和英语能力。当我们了解了具体的评分标准之后就可以由易而难先解决写作然后再解决英语部分。
从综合写作的内容完整性和正确性来讲，虽然官方描述说听力片段和阅读文章之间的关系可能是质疑，挑战，回应，支持或强化，但是经过我们的统计分析后发现，实际考试出现的只有驳斥类关系。因此我们就不仅可以对听力内容进行提前预测，同时也可以积累驳斥类写作必用高分词汇来“装点门面”。其次，在文章逻辑关系已定的情况下，实际上整篇文章都可以处理成由三个逻辑论证模块组成的流程，新托福写作完全可以转化成固定15-16句话的固定句式造句。这样既保证了文章的逻辑条理清晰，又可以保证让大家尽量使用自己熟练度最高的句式，提高语言能力测评点的得分。
同样的思路也可以应用到独立写作当中。我们整理积累了第一次考试以来所有新托福考试的独立写作题目并将其分为5大类。而每一大类的文章又都设定一定的逻辑主线并整理出流程化的写作模式。这样大家就可以清晰掌握自己每篇文章必然会用到的逻辑结构和词汇表达，然后再进行有针对性的进行量少质优的词汇语法集中强化突破，而不再需要盲目的背诵大量的写作词汇。
笔者认为，所谓道理，由“道”和“理”二字组成。所谓道字，为做事的方法，因人而异，不尽相同;所谓理字，为事情的规律，则应放置于四海而皆准。有感于新托福写作的教学，正应该和大家共同探讨写作的“道”和“理”。理可理解为写作的规律方法或技巧，道可理解为词汇语法的积累，两者缺一不可。我认为: 先明理，再论道。
有句话叫“谋定而后动”，其实托福写作提升也是如此，先整体谋划，了解考试内容，然后再根据考察的重点去备考，这样可以提升备考的效率。
托福考试作文独立写作范文：假期少但是有趣有挑战性的工作的利弊
Which do you prefer with the same rate of pay, an interesting and challenging job with less vacation or a job with more vacation time but less fun? 2016.5.7 ML
An interesting and challenging job with less vacation or a boring job with more vacation, which one is better.
点睛
题目大意：一个假期少但是有趣有挑战性的工作和一个假期多无聊的工作，哪个更好。 此题是一道比较类的题目，而且发现两个种工作各有利弊，所以波波建议，用取决于的观点来写，即认为那种工作好取决于人们的年龄，对于年龄大的人来说后者好，对于年轻人来说，前者好。
托福写作模板及参考答案：
写作参考一:
The next two months will witness the graduation of a huge number of college students in China, triggering an urgent issue whether it is better to seek an interesting and challenging job with less vacation than finding those jobs with more vacation but less fun. From my perspective, a challenging and interesting job matters more.
For one thing, mentally challenging jobs can keep employees’ mind sharp even long after retirement. To put it more specific, even a mentally demanding job may stress workers out today; it can provide important benefits after retirement. “Based on data spanning 18 years, a study suggests certain kinds of challenging jobs have the potential to enhance and protect workers’ mental functioning in later life,” said by Gwenith Fisher, a faculty associate at the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research. The research analyzed data on 4,182 participants in the U-M Health and Retirement Study, which surveys a representative sample of more than 20,000 older Americans every two years and the final result reveals people who had worked in jobs with greater mental demands were more likely to have better memories before they retired and more likely to have slower declines in memory after retiring than people who had worked in jobs with fewer mental demands. Accordingly, being engaged in a challenging and interesting job will benefit employees’ mental functioning.
For another thing, the more challenging the job is, the higher salaries employees will be paid with. Generally speaking, a challenging job will require employees to master multiple capabilities and techniques and to undertake more responsibilities. Thus, they will be paid with high salaries, making it possible for them to do whatever stirs up their interest. For instance, one of my friends named Jason works as a top software engineer in a renewed IT company in China and he is well paid. Besides, his hobby is photography and travel in foreign countries. On weekends or public holidays he often chooses to take photographs in different places of historic interest and scenic beauty or travel abroad. In the near two years, he has traveled in many countries in Europe and Southeast Asia and take a lot of beautiful pictures. Obviously, compared with average citizens in big cities who are busy in dealing with a variety of problems in daily lives, Jason’s life experience can tell us that his high-paid job gives him chances to live a more leisure life during vacation.
Admittedly, if people choose to take a less-fun job with more vacation, they can spend more time with their families and doing what they like. In this way, they will live a less-pressure life. However, from what I believe, people should try their best to play to their strengths and talents on the career path especially when they are young and a challenging job will require employees to be fully devoted.
To conclude, a challenging job with less vacation is superior to a job with more vacation but less fun.
写作参考二:
In the current society full of fierce competition, we can readily observe that landing an ideal job has become increasingly difficult, which forces us to a concession in the requirement of the job we want. When it comes to which is more appealing, an interesting job with less holiday or the boring one with more vacation, people varying in backgrounds and personalities may view the same issue from different angles. From my perspective, the issue should be analyzed case by case.
On the one hand, choosing a challenging job with less vacation is a wise move for the young. As we know, the defining characteristic of young adults is the degree to which they are endowed with lofty ambition and never fear any challenges. As a result, challenges accompanying the work will help young people to tap their potential capability and thus achieve greater success. For another, less spare time is not a big deal for the young, because they are so energetic and vigorous that a sound sleep can help them to restore their vitality. A good case in point is the experience my friend, Andy. As a broker in an Stock Exchange Company in Beijing, he has to deal with large quantities of data and keep close track of any events which may cause the fluctuation of stock price. Although the heavy pressure brought by his job often require him to work overtime and even around the clock, he never makes complaints because the exciting and adventurous experience from selling or buying stocks appeals him a lot.
On the other hand, older people prefer to select the relatively boring job with more leisure time. For one thing, boring jobs means that employees have to accomplish the same tasks again and again so that there is less pressure and stress, which is very important to the health of older people. As is common sense, the senior are more susceptible to various diseases such as hypertension and heart attack due to the weakening immune system. Consequently, any additional stress from work may pose a serious threat to their physical well-being. Also, older people are usually those who have got married or even have children, so spending more time accompanying their family members is of great significance. Undoubtedly, the job with more vacation can better satisfy the need of staying longer with their kids or spouse. During the stay, the emotional bond between them will become closer and more intimate.
Judging from what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that it depends on the age group of people whether the interesting job with less vacation is better than the monotonous one with more holiday.
写作参考三:
Should people choose to do challenging jobs with less vacation? Or should they get involved in tedious jobs that offer more off days? I lean towards the latter choice.
Indeed, challenging jobs seem good for modern people, since the essence of those jobs can motivate employees and make them feel they are valued and respected. Is it really worth it, however, to put what other people think of them in priority at the expense of a more comfortable work style and more vacation? Drinking a Margarita on the beach in Hawaii or feeling the breeze on the Seine is all it takes for one to choose a job with longer vacation but less fun.
Longer vacation provides people with unparalleled relaxation. Modern people are tortured by heavy workload in all walks of life, ranging from common office workers to corporate bosses. What they need is nothing but a long vacation far away from daily chores. When seeing sun rising from the horizon, appreciating the grandness of pyramids, or smelling the fragrance of lavender in Provence, one would definitely take his minds off whatever bothers him in work. Some people will say that shorter vacation can serve the same purpose in terms of relaxation. But shorter vacation like a day or two days off is far from enough for employees to get a thorough refreshment. Without enough relaxation, employees are less likely to feel satisfied towards their life, let alone be concentrated on work itself.
Challenging jobs are not wise choices not only because they offer less vacation but also because such jobs tend to make employees overexert themselves. Interesting as it may seem, a challenging job put workers in a situation where they have to fight for their career security considering the myriad competitors. In sales field, which is commonly considered as quite challenging, it is not rare to work extended hours or even on weekends to follow potential customers. Thus they are often haunted by endless mental stress. In contrast, a job that is less fun may give people a monotonous life, but they are less susceptible to unexpected employment and less pressure, which compromises the monotony thing after all.
All in all, people should try to take various factors into consideration when choosing their jobs. When a job’s entertaining and challenging nature conflicts with vacation it could offer, I go with the latter.
托福写作：倒装句的具体技巧
倒装句有两种:
将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,叫做完全倒装(Complete Inversion)。如:In came a man with a white beard.
只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前,叫做部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。如:Only once was John late to class.
英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误;后一种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。下面本文就拟从其修辞功能谈谈倒装句的用法。
一、 表示强调:
倒装句最突出、最常见的修辞效果就是强调,其表现形式如下:
1. only +状语或状语从句置于句首,句子用部分倒装。
eg.Only in this way can you solve this problem. 只有用这种方法,你才可以解决这个问题。
eg.Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。
2. not, little, hardly, scarcely, no more, no longer, in no way, never, seldom, not only, no sooner等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首,句子用部分倒装。
eg. No sooner had I got home than it beg.an to rain. 我刚到家就下起了雨。
eg. Seldom do I go to work by bus. 我很少乘公共汽车上班。
3. so / such...that结构中的so或such位于句首可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分。
eg.So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. 他的要价太离谱,令每个人都瞠目结舌。
eg.To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out. 她的彩排进行得那么长,以致于那两个演员都走出去了。
以上各例子都用倒装语序突出了句首成分,其语气较自然语序强烈,因而具有极佳的修辞效果。
二、 承上启下
有时倒装可把前一句说到的人或物,或与前一句有联系的人或物在下一句紧接着先说出来,从而使前后两句在意思上的关系更加清楚,衔接更加紧密,起到承上启下的作用。
eg.They broke into her uncle's bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead. Around his head was a brown snake. 他们破门进入她叔叔的卧室,发现他躺在地板上死了。一条棕褐色的蛇缠在他头上。
eg. We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain. 我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光蛋,而且还会继续是穷光蛋。
三、 制造悬念,渲染气氛
在新闻或文学创作中,有时为了内容的需要,或是为了强调,作者常常运用倒装来制造悬念,渲染气氛。如:
Hanging on the wall was a splendid painting. 墙上挂着一幅精美的图画。
再如朗费罗(Longfellow)《雪花》中的一节:
Out of the bosom of the Air,
Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken,
Over the woodlands brown and bare,
Over the harvest-fields forsaken,
Silent, and soft, and slow,
Descends the snow.
在这一节诗里 ,诗人就富有创意地运用了倒装。在前五行中 ,诗人堆砌了七个状语,状语连续出现而主语和谓语却迟迟未露 ,造成一种悬念效应。全节读罢 ,读者才对诗歌的主题恍然大悟 ,因而收到了不同凡响的艺术效果。
四、 平衡结构
英语修辞的一个重要原则是尾重原则,即把句子最复杂的成分放在句尾以保持句子平衡。在语言使用中为了避免产生头重脚轻、结构不平衡的句子,我们常采用倒装语序。
1. 以作状语的介词短语开头:当主语较长或主语所带修饰语较长时,为了使句子平衡,常将状语置于句首,句子用完全倒装语序。
eg.To the coal mine came a com-pany of PLA soldiers with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.
eg.A company of PLA soldiers came to the coal mine with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.
一个连队的解放军战士来到了那座煤矿,奉司令部之命解救受困的矿工。
eg.On the ground lay some air conditioners, which are to be shipped to some other cities.
eg.Some air conditioners lay on the ground, which are to be shipped to some other cities.
地上放着一些空调,等着用船运到其他城市去。
从例句中可看出, 采用倒装语序的A句结构平衡稳妥 ,读起来自然流畅,而采用自然语序的B句结构零乱, 读起来也别扭。因而,在主语较长时就应采用倒装语序以取得理想的表达效果。
2. 以表语开头的句子:有时为了把较长的主语放在后面,须将表语和谓语都提到主语前。
eg.Such would be our home in the future. 我们将来的家就是这个样子。
3. 以副词here , there开头的句子,也采用完全倒装来保持句子平衡。
eg.Here is the letter you have been looking forward to. 你盼望已久的信在这儿。
五、 使描写生动
有时为了使叙述或描绘更加生动形象,增加语言效果,可将表示方向的副词(如:down, up, out, in, off, on, away等)或拟声词(bang, crack等)置于句首,句子采用全部倒装的语序(主语为人称代词的句子除外)。
eg.Up went the rocket into the air. 嗖地一声火箭就飞上天了。
eg.Down jumped the criminal from the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him. 当警察把手枪瞄准那个罪犯时,嘭地一下他就从三楼跳了下去。
eg.Boom went the cannon! 轰隆一声大炮开火了!
eg.Bang came another shot!砰!又是一声枪响!
以上句子简洁明快 ,生动逼真地描述了有关动作 ,令我们一览此类倒装的风采。但这种倒装句的修辞功能在语段中可以体现得更为清楚。
"Stop thief! Stop thief!" There is a magic cry in the sound. The tradesman leaves his counter, ... Away they run, pell—mell, helter—skelter, yelling—screaming, ...
"Stop thief ! Stop thief !" The cry is taking by a hundred voices, ... Away they fly, splashing through the mud, up go the window, out run the people. ( Dickens )
作者在第一段和第二段中分别用副词away, up和out位于句首引出四个倒装句Away they run , Away they fly, up go the window , out run the people。从而制造出一种紧张、急促的气氛 ,生动地刻画了一个紧张、混乱的捉贼场面。
