GRE考试写作提纲总结之学习方法
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GRE考试写作提纲总结之学习方法
1. 学习方法，态度：
229."The best way to learn a new subject or skill is to study small segment s or details in great depth rather than to start by trying to develop a sense of the whole."
a) 这两种学习方法在学习种都是很重要的。细分可以是我们能有insight，精深的理解。总体上把握可以使我们看清没部分之间的联系，使理解更为全面。
b) 在学习一项新知识，新技能时候，更重要的是先把握整体，再研究细节。先把握整体可以让我们清楚那一部分细节是最重要的
c) 如果直接从细微处钻研，容易打击人的积极性，当对整体没有正确认识时候深入研究是十分辛苦的。没有对于整体的把握，不能很好的研究细节，比如数学，研究积分需要知道微分。容易过多重视细节而忽视各部分之间的联系与整体的效果
57."The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is much richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience."
117."The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience."
204."We learn through direct experience; to accept a theory without experiencing it is to learn nothing at all."
28. "Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little."
42 "Because learning is not a solitary activity but one that requires collaboration among people, students of all ages will benefit academically if they work frequently in groups."
153 "Students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study. They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively."
a) 在质疑的过程中，可以加深对知识的认识，在解决问题的过程中，学习能力、查资料的能力、思考能力不断提高。如一项政策，在了解其目的后，学生可能质疑其会带来的负效应。在查找资料，询问老师后，可以了解到这些负效应能够以怎样的方式被解决。若不质疑，则可能停留在原地。
b) 质疑促进了创新。人类的认识是有限的，不可能完全正确没有任何漏洞。质疑提出了问题，引起了创新。当魏格纳Wegener发觉世界地图不同大陆的海岸线有相似之处，他质疑了当时流行的地址理论，经过研究才提出了自己的板块漂流说。哥白尼Copernicus质疑地心说，才研究出了日心说
c) 如果学生只是被动接受而不质疑，学习效率也不高。被动接受不能在学生大脑里留下深刻的印象，容易遗忘，因为没有经过自己的思考。例如，压抑学生的积极性，引起学生反感，不愿意学。
d) 过度的质疑影响了学习已有理论与知识。主要的目的是学习知识，时间是有限的，不能都用来质疑。另一方面，由于自己知识水平低而存在的疑问随着深入的学习会消除。比如刚学会加法的学生就质疑加法的正确性，怎么继续学习，不如等具备了全面的知识以后在质疑，或许那时更能有所发现。
新版GRE写作新题库：Argument
题目：
The following appeared in an editorial in a local newspaper.
"Commuters complain that increased rush-hour traffic on Blue Highway between the suburbs and the city center has doubled their commuting time. The favored proposal of the motorists' lobby is to widen the highway, adding an additional lane of traffic. Opponents note that last year's addition of a lane to the nearby Green Highway was followed by a worsening of traffic jams on it. Their suggested alternative proposal is adding a bicycle lane to Blue Highway. Many area residents are keen bicyclists. A bicycle lane would encourage them to use bicycles to commute, it is argued, thereby reducing rush-hour traffic."
Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.
中文翻译：
乘客抱怨在郊区与市中心的B高速公路的更长交通高峰期使他们在路上的时间多花了一倍。 一个驾驶协会的不错建议是拓宽高速公路，修建一条附加机动车道。但反对者却说去年临近的G高速采用了相同的方法后交通状况更加恶化。他们建议一种更好的建议是在B高速上修一条自行车道。很多的当地人都是自行车爱好者。一条新的自行车道将会激励他们骑自行车外出，这样的方式会减少高峰时间的交通流量。
写一篇回应，在其中讨论还有哪些问题需要被回答才能决定文中的推荐是否能得到预期结果，并务请解释对这些问题的回答是如何帮助更好的评估文中的建议的。
新版GRE写作新题库：Argument
题目：
"Over the past year, our late-night news program has devoted increased time to national news and less time to weather and local news. During this period, most of the complaints received from viewers were concerned with our station's coverage of weather and local news. In addition, local businesses that used to advertise during our late-night news program have canceled their advertising contracts with us. Therefore, in order to attract more viewers to our news programs and to avoid losing any further advertising revenues, we should expand our coverage of weather and local news on all our news programs."
Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
中文翻译：
去年，我们的深夜新闻节目投入了更多的时间播放全国新闻，较少的时间播放天气预报和地方新闻。在同一时期，我们从观众那里获得的投诉大部分是关于电视台对于天气和地方新闻的播放的。而且，若干曾经在我们深夜新闻节目播放广告的地方企业刚刚取消了和我们的广告契约。因此，为吸引更多的电视观众观看我们的新闻节目并避免失去未来的广告收入，我们应该在我们所有的新闻节目中增加天气和地方新闻的播报。
写一篇回应，在其中检视文章的论证中述及和/或未明确述及的假设，务请解释文章的论证是如何依赖于这些假设的，并指出如果这些假设不成立会对文章的论证带来何种影响。
新版GRE写作新题库：Argument
题目：
The following appeared in an article written by Dr. Karp, an anthropologist.
"Twenty years ago, Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents. However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village. This research of mine proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is invalid and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid as well. The interview-centered method that my team of graduate students is currently using in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures."
Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
中文翻译：
20年前，知名人类学F博士访问了T岛，并从他的观察中得出结论：T岛的孩子是由整个村子抚养长大而不是他们的亲生父母。然而，我最近对生活在T岛以及周边一些岛屿的儿童采访显示，他们在谈话中谈到他们呢双亲的时间远远多于谈到村庄里其他成年人。我的这次研究证明F博士关于T岛乡村文化的结论是错的，因此这种以观察为主的文化研习方式也是无效的。由于我那些在T目前调研的研究生们正是采用我的采访为主的方法，所以他们将会对T岛孩子抚养传统已经其他岛屿文化给出更加精确的了解。
写一篇回应，在其中检视文章的论证中述及和/或未明确述及的假设，务请解释文章的论证是如何依赖于这些假设的，并指出如果这些假设不成立会对文章的论证带来何种影响。
新版GRE写作新题库：Argument
题目：
The following appeared in the summary of a study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia.
"Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches. Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, for the past several decades, food-processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives. This rise in the commercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate with a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twenty-year study. Recently, food-processing companies have found that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods. With this new use for salicylates, we can expect a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia."
Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
中文翻译：
水杨酸酯和用来治疗头痛的药物--阿司匹林是同一类化合物。尽管很多食品天然富含水杨酸酯，过去几十年中食品加工公司仍然在食品中加入它来作为防腐剂。这种水杨酸酯在商业上的使用被发现与我们为期20年研究的参加者所报告的头痛发病的平均数量下降是相关的。最近，食品加工公司发现水杨酸酯也可以被用作食品香料。根据这种水杨酸酯的新用途，我们可以预期Mentia居患头痛症的数量将会持续稳步下降。
写一篇回应，在其中检视文章的论证中述及和/或未明确述及的假设，务请解释文章的论证是如何依赖于这些假设的，并指出如果这些假设不成立会对文章的论证带来何种影响。
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