雅思阅读复习之找小标题题型攻略
雅思阅读复习之找小标题heading题型复习攻略为大家带来雅思阅读中一种较为有难度的题型——寻找小标题也就是heading题型的题型分析和复习要点,下面小编就和大家分享雅思阅读复习之找小标题heading题型复习攻略，来欣赏一下吧。
雅思阅读复习之找小标题heading题型复习攻略
一、段落含义分层
阅读文章中许多段落的含义并不是非常明显和集中的，有些段落包含了很多层的含义，因此学生很难决定哪一层的含义可以代表整个段落，再加之上下文之间如果有过渡的内容，使两个相邻段落看起来有重叠的含义，这样就更难确定每一段的主旨了。
其实，段落含义的分层是表面现象，也就是说，看上去一个段落有几层意思，其实这几层意思是统一的：前文铺垫、后文揭示出主旨;或者前文概括、后文进一步解释前文的内容，这两种是最常见的分层。大家只要根据段落的具体含义判断是哪种分层，然后就不难找出段落的主旨了。看下面的例子。
例1，ADVANTAGES OF PBLIC TRANSPORT，C段：
“There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther our where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes that. They are often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use…”
在这一段中，大家能够通过前几句总结出三层含义：1. 人们普遍认为财富的增长会促进私家车的使用;2. 欧洲城市的例子反驳了这一观点;3. 欧洲城市比美国城市富裕，但是在欧洲城市，车辆的使用并没有像美国城市一样多。于是这一段给大家造成了总结主旨的困难。其实，如果大家看到以上三句话之间的联系，就能体会到本段的主旨在于反驳第一句话的含义，后面的内容都是用对比的方式来反驳第一句话，这样，这一段看似分开的含义就集中在一起了。
例2，MAKETE INTEGRATED RURAL TRANSPORT PROJECT，E段：
“It would have been easy to criticize the MIRTP for using in the early phases a “top-down” approach, in which decisions were made by experts and officials before being handed down to communities, but it was necessary to start the process from the level of the governmental authorities of the district. It would have been difficult to respond to the requests of villagers and other rural inhabitants without the support and understanding of district authorities.”
这个段落中，首句的前半句旨在说明top-down approach是被批评的，而后半句的转折告诉我们信息：从地区政府向下推进和实施的方法是有必要的，因此，我们看到这个段落在强调转折后的内容，作者的主旨在于说明“应该以政府为起点向下进行”。
二、隐含匹配
隐含匹配的意思就是说，题目给出的所有heading与原文某段落的含义都不是明显的一致，而是需要我们仔细推敲两者之间的一致性，才能大胆地决定某一个heading适合这个段落。很多题目的概括性非常强，我们不能按照提及的个别关键词来判断，这样一来，做题时间就会延长，所以隐含匹配是最难把握的。甚至有时候教师在讲解题目时，告诉学生答案以后，学生仍然觉得不可思议，答案为什么和这个段落是一致的。
对于这种难点，建议考生只有在平时练习中准确把握句意，进而扩展到准确把握段落意义，才能判断出段落和题目的匹配。例如，
MAKING EVERY DROP COUNT，H段：
“On the other hand, dams, aqueducts and other kinds of infrastructure will still have to be built, particularly in developing countries where basic human needs have not been met. But such projects must be built to higher specifications and with more accountability to local people and their environment than in the past. And even in regions where new projects seem warranted, we must find ways to meet demands with fewer resources, respecting ecological criteria and to a smaller budget.”
在这个段路中，通过转折，我们可以确定文章的主旨在but后面。作者用了一系列的比较级形容词来强调今后这些projects应该比原来有所改进。在题目给出的heading中，没有任何一个体现了如何具体改进今后的工程，因此考生会觉得题目难以选出。但是，如果我们看到了划线的一系列比较级，我们可以把它们概括为：改进以后比原来好了很多，也就是说，我们在今后的工程中，要求和标准提高了很多，这样我们就选出了：The need to raise standards这个标题。
三、题目干扰性强
一些题目干扰性非常强，有时候两个heading看起来是十分相似的意思，甚至有一个的关键词比另外一个(正确答案)更多或者更贴近这个段落，导致学生毫不犹豫地选择关键词多的那个heading，这种干扰也是令学生头疼不解的难点。我们看下面的heading题：
Effects of irrigation on sedimentation
The danger of flooding the Cairo area
Causing pollution in the Mediterranean
这三个选项都涉及了原文D段的关键词(划线部分)，虽然这三个选项的意思并不一样，但是都与原文有所关联，因此其中存在干扰项，大家要根据原文D段的具体含义来选择，而不能靠某一个或某几个关键词来选择。
再比如，这两个heading：The expansion of international tourism in recent years
Fragile regions and the reasons for the expansion of tourism there
这两个选项也看起来非常相似，因此学生们会忽略两者的区别，其实两个选项的侧重点并不一样，第一个讲述的是expansion的过程;而第二个讲的是expansion的原因。
综上所述，提醒考生们在做heading题时应该注意这三个难点，不要单凭关键词做题，要仔细推敲段落完整的含义，选项间的区别，以及段中句与句之间的关系，才能顺利地做好这类题目。这种题型是比较耗时间的题，建议可以先做其他题型，最后做这个不影响其他题目顺序的题型。
雅思阅读材料：如何经营持久的爱情
If you’re in a long term relationship or marriage, you know that it’s not always easy to keep that warm glow of freshness and excitement alive in your relationship.
假如你有固定伴侣，或早已迈入婚姻殿堂，你便能体会到：在感情中，若想保持起初的新鲜和刺激感，可不是一件容易的事。
After the first bout of heady romantic love is gone, everyday sameness settles into any relationship.
当最初那阵令人迷醉又转瞬即逝的浪漫散去，你们的小日子里便渐渐开始被日复一日的枯燥所占据了。
And unless you’re making conscious efforts to keep things hot, soon boredom and tedium takes the shine off one of the most special relationships of your life, making it feel like just another chore. So what are these conscious efforts that you can make?
除非刻意保持新鲜感，否则这段生命中最特别的关系将会被无聊和单调抹去它原有的光辉，使你厌倦不堪。那么，该如何来有意识地避免这种事发生?
Here are some of the tricks my husband and I frequently use to keep things as new and happening as our first few days.
我和我的丈夫是通过以下的几个小技巧，来保持两人间的新鲜感的。
1. Surprise Surprise!
惊喜!惊喜!
Couples spend weeks – sometimes months – planning for the next birthday/anniversary gift for their spouse/significant other.
通常，俩口子会一起计划下一个生日/纪念日怎么过，以及送给对方什么礼物。这事儿可能要花上几星期、甚至几个月来完成。
Have you ever thought how you can magically sweep your partner off their feet with a fraction of that effort on an ordinary day?
不过，你有没有想过在一个平凡的日子里，突然给对方一个大惊喜呢?
Nothing works like giving tiny, simple – and most importantly, unexpected – surprises to each other in keeping the air of freshness and novelty in your relationship.
若想帮助情感保鲜，没什么比送给对方一个出其不意又意义重大的小礼物更好的办法了。
2. Romantic texts
发浪漫短信
A great thing about those “I miss you kitten” texts you used to send each other in the initial days of your relationship is the juvenile excitement in them.
我们在恋爱初期，之所以钟情于互发“想你啦，宝贝”之类的短信，是因为它能带给我们一种青涩的甜蜜。
You need that back right now. OK, it may not be 10 times a day like back then – but can you text him/her randomly, suddenly and romantically on some random ordinary day?
现在的你们也需要它。没必要像以前那样，一发就十几条，但你也可以在平日里偶尔“肉麻”一下嘛。
The smile it brings on their lips will spread its glow for quite some time in your relationship – until the next time you do the same, that is.
当你的爱人看到短信，他们不自觉的微笑将蔓延开来，为你们的感情增添一道明亮色彩。如此反复，爱将日益坚固。
雅思阅读材料：技术宅发明奥利奥饼干分离器
A cookie-favoring physicist has created what appears to be the world's first Oreo separator.
一个不喜欢夹心的物理学家制造出了世界上台奥利奥夹心分离机。
David Neevel, an artist and inventor based in Portland, Ore., was commissioned by the popular cookie brand to produce the machine as part of its "Cookies vs. Creme" campaign.
David Neevel是俄勒冈州波特兰市的一名发明家，也是一位艺术家。他受到这个著名饼干品牌的委托，为该公司的“饼干VS奶油”广告制造出了这台机器。
"My Oreo machine is based entirely on my dislike for creme and my preference for cookie," Neevel said in a short video.
“我制造夹心分离机完全是因为我讨厌夹心、喜欢饼干，”Neevel在短片这样提到。
The OSM, as Neevel calls it, was constructed of scrap aluminum, wood, a hatchet and floss in a Portland garage.
Neevel 把发明简称为OSM (奥利奥分离器)，这是他在波特兰的一个车库里用一些铝的废料、废木材、一把小斧头和一些金属丝制成的。
After the hatchet blade is lowered to split the Oreo, a pair of mechanical arms are dispatched to collect the cookie halves, which are transferred to a router table where the creme is removed.
斧头把奥利奥一劈为二，然后一对机械臂会捡起两半奥利奥，接着饼干会被送到铣削台，把饼干上的奶油铣掉。
The electric-powered contraption took about two weeks to build. "It was a big time commitment," Neevel said. "I had to work some long hours—I didn't see my girlfriend or my dog for hours at a time."
这个神奇的电动机械装置造了两个星期的时间。“这是个非常非常重要的委托，”Neevel说。“我得连续工作很久，有时候我好几个小时都见不了我的女朋友和我的狗。”
"Outstanding. I applaud your efforts," one YouTube commenter wrote. "For your next design, how about an automatic sock pair singlifier?
“赞一个。为你的发明鼓掌，” 一个YouTube用户这样评论道。“下次造一个袜子配对机怎么样?”
Three other inventors were commissioned by Oreo to come up with concepts, with the next one slated to be unveiled later this week.
另外还有三名发明家受到奥利奥委托想一些新点子，下一个发明预计在这周晚些时候发布。
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