托福阅读经典句式翻译对照学习
托福阅读经典句式翻译对照学习, 复杂长难句结构学起来,今天小编给大家带来了托福阅读经典句式翻译对照学习。希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读经典句式翻译对照学习 复杂长难句结构学起来
1. Accordingto conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy andserves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeperbreathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallowbreathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.
【译文】根据传统的理论，当人们无聊或者困倦的时候，打哈欠会出现。打哈欠通过深呼吸来逆转血液中氧含量的降低，从而的起到提高警觉的功能。而血液中氧含量的降低是由浅呼吸导致的，而浅呼吸又伴随着缺觉或无聊。
2. The keyfactor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy, whichcontributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division oflabor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out areas ofspecialization in international markets for which they were especially wellsuited.
【译文】这些国家成功的关键因素(促成这个因素的是高识字率)是他们有能力适应由早期的工业化国家决定的劳动力国际分工并占领了他们特别适合的国际市场中的专业化领域。
3. In the second case, pollinators(insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has itspollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would beif they were carried by the wind only.
【译文】在第二个案例中， 传粉者(昆虫和鸟)从开花植物中获取食物，而植物也使得它们的花粉和种子相比于只通过风传播的更加高效。
4. In the green-to yellow lightingconditions of the lowest levels of the forest, yellow and green would be thebrightest colors, but when an animal is signaling, these colors would not bevery visible if the animal was sitting in an area with a yellowish or greenishbackground.
【译文】在森林最底层的黄绿管线条件下，黄和率可能是最亮的颜色，但是，当动物在发信号的时候，如果该动物处于黄绿背景下，这些颜色就不太明显了。
5. In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vesselscarrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warmblood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus,the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before itreaches the flipper itself.
【译文】在逆流交换系统中，来自于脚蹼的携带冷血的血管接近来自身体的携带热血的血管来从较热的血管中获得热量;因此，在达到脚蹼前，热量从向外流的血管中转移到了向内流的血管中。
6. American paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski,who have studied extinction rates in a number of fossil groups, suggest thatepisodes of increased extinction have recurred periodically, approximatelyevery 26 million years since the mid-Cretaceous period.
【译文】美国古生物学家D.R.和J.S，他们已经很多化石群的灭绝速率，指出，越来越多的灭绝是周期性重复出现的，从白垩纪中期开始，周期大约是没二百六十万年一次。
7. As amongtribes people, personal relationships and a careful weighing of character havealways been crucial in a mercantile economy with little regulation, where one'sword is one's bond and where informal ties of trust cement together aninternational trade network.
【译文】在部落人中，人际关系和对品德仔细的考量在一个几乎没有规范的重商主义经济中一直都很重要。而在没有规范的重商主义经济中，一个的话语就是一个人的保证，非正式的信任纽带将国际贸易网络年合起来。
8. The explanation is that the Mayaexcavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged upleaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order tocreate reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basinsand stored it for use in the dry season.
【译文】解释是，玛雅人挖掘了大坑或者将天然的大坑修改，然后又通过把大坑的底部抹上灰泥把卡斯特地貌上的漏洞堵上，来制造蓄水池，这样，就能从巨大的被灰泥堵住的蓄水池中收集雨水并储存起来在干季时使用。
9. Inequalitiesof gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to havebeen softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in mostcommunities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skillsof men, including, often, their military skills.
【译文】性别的不平等也存在于畜牧社会中，但是，由于大部分社群中没有出现森严的财富等级，而且需要女性具备大多数男性的技巧，诸如军技巧，性别不平等就被软化了。
10. Ramsay thenstudied a gas that was present in natural gas deposits and discovered that itwas helium, an element whose presence in the Sun had been noted earlier in thespectrum of sunlight but that had notpreviously been known on Earth.
【译文】拉姆齐(Ramsay)研究了一种存在于天然气中的气体，并发现是氦气(helium)，该元素早就在太阳里通过太阳光光谱被发现了，但是还从来没有在地球上被发现过。
11. Many complex factors led to the adoption of the neweconomies, not only at Abu Hureyra, but at many other locations such as 'AinGhazal, also in Syria, where goat toe bones showing the telltale marks ofabrasion caused by foot tethering (binding) testify to early herding of domesticstock.
【译文】很多复杂的因素导致了新经济的采用，不仅出现在AbuHureyra，很多其他的地方也有，比如说'AinGhaza,也就是叙利亚，在那里，山羊脚趾的骨头显示有脚被绑住造成的磨损痕迹，这证实了早期的家畜蓄养。
从题型与主题着手来po解托福阅读
1、题型——注重解题方法
托福阅读10种题型，除最后的小结题外大都属于考查文章细节的题目。根据题干中的关键词定位是至关重要的一步，然后就是理解。此时如果词汇量太小怎么办?事实上做阅读我们永远要牢记的就是找句子主干，考查的信息基本都在主干中体现了，
比如：
The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.
这个句子较长，其中有which引导的定语从句，还有hunted… 这个状语，而解题时我们只需要句子的主干The deer were gone。多数同学在做题时有个习惯就是看到一句话后就开始逐词阅读，甚至试图把它翻译成中文，这可谓“兵家大忌”。
遇到一句话先抓主干，遇到整段记得扫描段落有无显眼的连词，举例信号词等，浏览每段的主题句。
再说一下小结题，大多数考生的切肤之痛。一是做到最后一题时时间已所剩无几，二是最后一题是对全文的主要内容的总结，相对复杂。
在课堂中，我一再向学生强调把握全文结构及大意的重要性，而如何去把握?
一是做题之前可大概浏览文章的标题及每段首句。作为学术性的阅读文章，首句基本都是主题句。尤其是总分结构的文章，比如TPO6中的Infantile Amnesia, 虽然文章较难理解，但是文中明确提出了三种观点first，second，third… 那么此类文章小结题的选项太显而易见了。再者，文章的每段会对应出2-3道题，那么题目中对应的部分基本都是段落的核心所在。从这两点就可以很快了解文章的主要内容。所以在进行TPO练习时，做题虽不可或缺，但还要注意多加练习快速阅读文章的能力。
2、主题——增加背景知识
有部分学生反映做阅读时很难投入进去，有一点原因就是对于文章所述内容太过陌生，如果你对其略知一二，相信定会有所不同。比如TPO中有篇文章讲到化学元素周期表，对于高中生来说再熟悉不过了，阅读的时候半读半猜，估计也可以理解的八九不离十了。
若考试准备时间充足，可以多加涉猎，扩充自己的知识背景;若时间紧张，则需搞定TPO套题。根据文章记忆单词，并不是文章中出现的每一个“陌生的面孔”都要去熟悉，比如一些繁琐的专有名词跳过即可。主要记忆的当然是一些动词、名词及形容词，尤其是出现在句子主干中，与解题有关的词汇。
除了词汇，应学会分析题干及题目，比如题干中出现了effect，conclusion之类的词，其实已经界定了我们寻找的范围——段落靠后的部分，还有就是观点性和总结性的句子永远会是考察的重点所在。做题的时候学会分析原文和选项，进行对比，比如句子简化题，做一题需要看五个长句，似乎很花费时间，但并不需要每个句子都要细看，而是先明确原句的逻辑及主干，抓住选项中的关键点与原句进行比较。
例如：As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean.A. The strait of Gibraltar reopened when the Mediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water from one sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting.B. The Mediterranean was dramatically refilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faulting opened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.C. The cascades of water from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to those seas.D. As a result of crustal adjustments and faultin;g and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic and Mediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascades of water between them.
原句是因果逻辑的句子，先找出其因： crustal adjustments and faulting，果：the Strait opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean.接着来看选项：A…. caused crustal adjustments and faulting 显然是因果倒置了，毫不犹豫地灭掉;C. 因为此选项中出现比较not as spectacular as, 非常惹眼的一个核心词，而原文中是修饰动词的副词spectacularly，并未进行比较，二话不说也排除掉;D. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar,… 这原因里怎么多出来一项，这里肯定是不正确的!
托福阅读句子插入题的正确攻克方法
1.出题原理：
指代线索/逻辑线索/组织结构和语义线索
2.解题步骤与要点：
①找线索词并积极对插入句上下文做预测
②从第一个小黑方块前一句话开始读，逐一代入进行验证
③插入句必须满足前后两条线索，先前再后(先用前线索再看后线索)
3.三种常用线索：
⑴指代线索：指代词(this,these, their，such, another, other, they, it为线索词)必然有所指代。指代词后边若有名词短语，则向前寻找名词短语的同义改写/指代词必然有所指代。
⑵ 逻辑线索：
插入句或黑方块附近出现转折对比标识词时(but, however, nev.heless为线索词)：转折句中的主语前边可能提到过，而且意思可能和前文相反;
②插入句或黑方块附近出现表示原因结果/总结结论标识词时(thus, therefore,hence，consequently, accordingly为线索词)：排除段首位置，注意因果逻辑关系/总结结论句中的元素必与上一句有所对应。
⑶ 组织结构语义线索
分类列举式段落概述部分作为插入句：概述一般位于段首位置;
采用分类列举式的段落/文章通常以 (数词+名词复数)的形式出现;
这里给大家一些小技巧：
技巧1：
空后有代词they/it的，generally speaking，是不对的，代词不能跨距，如果在代词前面加一句话，就会改变代词的指代对象。但也有例外，比如这一段只有一个主语，就无法排除后有代词的选项。
技巧2：
优先考虑段落最后的空，注意是段落最后的，而不是最后一个空，有时候最后一个空在段中。因为放在最末尾，本身对文章没什么影响，所以，优先考虑这个空。
如何实现托福阅读的连贯性阅读?
大家是否还记得，在托福满分作文的评分标准中有这么一条：
Displays unity, progression, and coherence. ( 体现出统一、递进、连贯的特点。)
这条标准要求我们在写作时要注意文章的连贯性。首先，何为连贯性? 连贯性就是要求句子与句子之间，或是段落与段落之间需以一种清晰的、合乎逻辑的方式进行展开，做到思路清晰，层次分明。这样写文章的好处就是能够让一个读者顺着作者的思路一口气把文章读完，并且同时掌握文章的主要信息。托福的每一篇阅读文章都可以算是一篇满分作文，所以它必定体现出了统一、递进和连贯的特点。所以当我们在阅读托福文章时，就应该做到阅读的连贯性，否则就有可能面临由于前后缺乏联系，最终导致只抓到了局部信息而缺乏整体信息的情况。那么当我们在阅读时，如何做到连贯性的阅读呢?
连贯性通常通过两种方式体现出来：语义重复和逻辑连接。语义重复就是两个句子会存在某个概念的延续，通过对这个概念的重复把信息延续下去。语义重复会有多种形式，比如重复某个词，也可以出现某个词的近义词或反义词。如下面两句话：In Southwest France in the 1940’s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). 这两句话就是通过animals和beasts的同义替换把信息延续下去。语义重复还可以通过对某部分内容的概括或是对某部分内容的具体展开来实现。如下面两句：The animals are bulls, wild horses, reindeer, bison, and mammoths outlined with charcoal and painted mostly in reds, yellow, and brown. Scientific analysis reveals that the colors were derived from ocher and other iron oxides ground into a fine powder. 这两句话就是通过对red, yellow, and brown的概括，即the colors实现了连贯性。当然，语义重复最常用的手段还是通过代词的灵活运用。如以下两句：But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.
逻辑连接就是通过特定的逻辑关系词体现出两句话或是多句话之间的关系。常见的如因果关系、转折关系、条件关系、递进关系等。这些过渡词的使用能够使文章更加清晰、流畅。所以当我在遇到此类逻辑关系词时，要顺着这些逻辑关系词表达的逻辑关系去阅读文章。
我们以TPO1 GROUNDWATER的第二段做一个综合展示，下划线代表的是信息延续点。
The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces(原词重现) are those among the particles(对forms具体展开)—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material(代词), out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They(代词) are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example(逻辑关系), as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them.The water(原词重现) was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand(对loads of coarse sediment的具体展开), known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.
