雅思阅读逻辑关系解读
剑雅真题实例解析 ,雅思阅读逻辑关系,一起来学习一下吧，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
剑雅真题实例解析 ,雅思阅读逻辑关系
在雅思阅读的比较逻辑关系中，比较级是常见的论证方式，但是类比和对比也是英语文章中非常常见的论证手段，一般涉及到单个事物或若干个事物之间的比较，但这两种方法却有着本质上的不同。
类比(compare)强调两个对象的相似点，比如A和B的相同点是什么。而对比(contrast)则强调两个对象的不同点，比如A很高B却很低。
接下来，让我们从剑桥真题中看看，有哪些考点会涉及到类比和对比。
类比连接词
similarly, be similar to, as, like, alike，likewise, corresponding to, equal, identical, same, by the same token, the same is true of , in the same way, resemble，agree，share，harmony，compare to/with …, comparable
例题1 题目 C521 Q1 填空
Some plastics behave in a similar way to __________ in that they melt under heat and can be moulded into new forms.
文章 P2
Some are ‘thermoplastic’, which means that, like candlewax, they melt when heated and can be reshaped.
翻译 ：
有些塑料是“热塑型”的，这意味着，它们像蜡烛一样，会在加热时会融化，然后就可以重新塑形。
解析：
定位后，利用题中类比词in a similar way to, 可以找到文中对应词like, 也就是统一替换，答案就是candlewax了。
例题2 题目 C442 Q27 填空
However, as archaeologists do not try to influence human behaviour, the writer compares their style of working to that of a __________.
文章 Last Paragraph：
The objects the archaeologists discover, on the other hand, tell us nothing directly in themselves. In this respect, the practice of the archaeologist is rather like that of the scientist, who collects data, conducts experiments, formulates a hypothesis, tests the hypothesis against more data…
翻译 ：
另一方面，考古学家发现的这些物体本身并没有告诉我们什么。 从这个方面说来，考古学家的实践经历跟科学家非常像，他们收集数据，操作实验，制定假说，用假说检验更多的数据。
解析：
审题时重点关注题中类比词compare ... to …，定位后，可以找到文中替换词rather like, 答案即 scientist。
例题3 题目 C10’11 Q11 表格填空
Looks more like a __________ than a well.
文章 ：
It actually resembles a tank (kund means reservoir or pond) rather than a well, but displays the hallmarks of step well architecture, including four sides of steps that decend to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation.
翻译 ：
它实际上长的像一个水库(kund意味着水库或池塘)而不是一个井，但却展示了梯井结构的特点，包括下降到底部的四个阶梯面，这四面拥有着绝美的几何对称图案。
解析：
审题时关注类比词like，定位后，发现resemble，意思相当于look like, 答案呼之欲出 tank.
.对比连接词
while, however, nevertheless，otherwise，whereas, in contrast, on the contrary, rather than, instead of, conversely, unlike，different, incompatible, conflicting, change, vary, in opposition to, distinguish...from.. ，be distinct from sth…
例题1 题目 C10’23 Q37 判断
The approach of art historians conflicts with that of art museums.
文章 ：
Consequently, the dominant critical approach becomes that of the art historian, a specialised academic approach devoted to discovering the meaning of art within the cultural context of its time. This is in perfect harmony with the museum’s function.
翻译 ：
因此，主流的批判方法成为艺术史学家的批判方式，这是一种专门的学术方法，致力于发现在当时的文化背景下艺术的意义。这与博物馆的功能达到了完美一致。
解析：
审题时获取考点词conflict，正是对比连接词，定位后发现in harmony with，意思是“与……协调、一致”，所以二者并非矛盾，而是一致的，因此答案选NO。
例题2 题目 C11’32 Q18 判断
Dingle’s aim is to distinguish between the migratory behaviours of different species.
文章 ：
The value of his definition, Dingle argues, is that it focuses attention on what the phenomenon of wildebeest migration shares with the phenomenon of the aphids, and therefore helps guide researchers towards understanding how evolution has produced them all.
翻译 ：
Dingle认为，他定义的价值在于它将注意力集中于在牛羚迁徙现象与蚜虫迁徙现象的共同点上，因而有助于指导研究人员了解进化是如何将它们制造出来的。
解析：
审题关注到判断题对比词aim is to distinguish， 定位后，对应到原文中的focuses attention on，发现类比词share，表示“共享，公用”，与题目的distinguish“区分”意思冲突，所以答案选择FALSE。
一般来说，阅读方面通过句子意思、句子关系、段落意思、段落关系的方法来理解文章的逻辑和要表达的观点非常关键。
关于逻辑关系的利用在剑桥真题实例不胜枚举，雅思阅读当中涉及到的比较级考点的题目还是很多的，建议大家在平时训练的时候，认真分析、总结并利用这些策略。
雅思阅读模拟练习及答案
Rogue theory of smell gets a boost
1. A controversial theory of how we smell, which claims that our fine sense of odour depends on quantum mechanics, has been given the thumbs up by a team of physicists.
2. Calculations by researchers at University College London (UCL) show that the idea that we smell odour molecules by sensing their molecular vibrations makes sense in terms of the physics involved.
3. That's still some way from proving that the theory, proposed in the mid-1990s by biophysicist Luca Turin, is correct. But it should make other scientists take the idea more seriously.
4. "This is a big step forward," says Turin, who has now set up his own perfume company Flexitral in Virginia. He says that since he published his theory, "it has been ignored rather than criticized."
5. Most scientists have assumed that our sense of smell depends on receptors in the nose detecting the shape of incoming molecules, which triggers a signal to the brain. This molecular 'lock and key' process is thought to lie behind a wide range of the body's detection systems: it is how some parts of the immune system recognise invaders, for example, and how the tongue recognizes some tastes.
6. But Turin argued that smell doesn't seem to fit this picture very well. Molecules that look almost identical can smell very different — such as alcohols, which smell like spirits, and thiols, which smell like rotten eggs. And molecules with very different structures can smell similar. Most strikingly, some molecules can smell different — to animals, if not necessarily to humans — simply because they contain different isotopes (atoms that are chemically identical but have a different mass).
7. Turin's explanation for these smelly facts invokes the idea that the smell signal in olfactory receptor proteins is triggered not by an odour molecule's shape, but by its vibrations, which can enourage an electron to jump between two parts of the receptor in a quantum-mechanical process called tunnelling. This electron movement could initiate the smell signal being sent to the brain.
8. This would explain why isotopes can smell different: their vibration frequencies are changed if the atoms are heavier. Turin's mechanism, says Marshall Stoneham of the UCL team, is more like swipe-card identification than a key fitting a lock.
9. Vibration-assisted electron tunnelling can undoubtedly occur — it is used in an experimental technique for measuring molecular vibrations. "The question is whether this is possible in the nose," says Stoneham's colleague, Andrew Horsfield.
10. Stoneham says that when he first heard about Turin's idea, while Turin was himself based at UCL, "I didn't believe it". But, he adds, "because it was an interesting idea, I thought I should prove it couldn't work. I did some simple calculations, and only then began to feel Luca could be right." Now Stoneham and his co-workers have done the job more thoroughly, in a paper soon to be published in Physical Review Letters.
11. The UCL team calculated the rates of electron hopping in a nose receptor that has an odorant molecule bound to it. This rate depends on various properties of the biomolecular system that are not known, but the researchers could estimate these parameters based on typical values for molecules of this sort.
12. The key issue is whether the hopping rate with the odorant in place is significantly greater than that without it. The calculations show that it is — which means that odour identification in this way seems theoretically possible.
13. But Horsfield stresses that that's different from a proof of Turin's idea. "So far things look plausible, but we need proper experimental verification. We're beginning to think about what experiments could be performed."
14. Meanwhile, Turin is pressing ahead with his hypothesis. "At Flexitral we have been designing odorants exclusively on the basis of their computed vibrations," he says. "Our success rate at odorant discovery is two orders of magnitude better than the competition." At the very least, he is putting his money where his nose is.
雅思阅读模拟练习及答案。
From The Economist print edition
How shops can exploit people’s herd mentality to increase sales
1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is， how ants， bees or any social animal， including humans， behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.
2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome， Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani， a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology， described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted： for instance， by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store， forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes， also of the Florida Institute of Technology， set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that， if a certain product is seen to be popular， shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.
3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani’s supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag， a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information， and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods， a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high， he is more likely to select it too.
4. Mr Usmani’s “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “right” product—that is， the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world， mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work， and testing will get under way in the spring.
5. Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could， indeed， be boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14，000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded， they followed the crowd. When the songs were not ordered by rank， but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed， the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so.
6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category， and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem， a company in Cambridge， Massachusetts， also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales.
7. And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online retailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers. Even in the privacy of your home， you can still be part of the swarm.
Questions 1-6
Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
1. Shopowners realize that the smell of _______________ can increase sales of food products.
2. In shops， products shelved at a more visible level sell better even if they are more _______________.
3. According to Mr. Usmani， with the use of “swarm intelligence” phenomenon， a new method can be applied to encourage _______________.
4. On the way to everyday items at the back of the store， shoppers might be tempted to buy _______________.
5. If the number of buyers shown on the _______________ is high， other customers tend to follow them.
6. Using the “swarm-moves” model， shopowners do not have to give customers _______________ to increase sales.
Questions 7-12
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 7-12 write
YES if the statement agrees with the information
NO if the statement contraicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage
7. Radio frequency identification technology has been installed experimentally in big supermarkets like Wal-Mart.
8. People tend to download more unknown songs than songs they are familiar with.
9. Songs ranked high by the number of times being downloaded are favored by customers.
10. People follow the others to the same extent whether it is convenient or not.
11. Items sold in some Japanese stores are simply chosen according to the sales data of other shops.
12. Swarm intelligence can also be observed in everyday life.
Answer keys：
1. 答案：(freshly baked) bread. (第1段第2 行：Shoppers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they intended.)
2. 答案：expensive. (第1段第4 行： Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors.)
3. 答案：impulse buying. (第2段第1 句：At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome， Zeeshan- ul- hassan Usmani， a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology， described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon.)
4. 答案：other (tempting) goods/things/products. (第2段第2 句：Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted： for instance， by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store， forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them.)
5. 答案：screen. (第3段第4 行：As a customer walks past a shelf of goods， a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high， he is more likely to select it too.)
6. 答案：discounts. (第4段第第1句：Mr Usmani’s “swarm- moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.)
7. 答案：NO. (第4段第3、4 句：The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world， mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal- Mart in America an Tesco in Britain are interestd in his workd， and testing will get under way in the spring. 短语 “get under way”的意思是“开始进行”，在Wal-Mart的试验要等到春天才开始)
8. 答案：NOT GIVEN. (在文中没有提及该信息)
9. 答案：YES。 (第5段第3 句：The reseachers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they have been downloaded， they followed the crowd.)
10. 答案：NO。 (第5段最后两句：When the songs are not ordered by rank， but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed， the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so. pronounced 的词义是“显著的、明显的”)
11. 答案：YES。 (第6段第1 句：In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies.)
12. 答案：YES。 (最后一段最后一句：Even in the privacy of your home， you can still be part of the swarm. home应该算是everyday life的一部分
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