新GRE逻辑阅读练习题
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新GRE逻辑阅读练习题
The belief that art originates in intuitive rather than rational faculties was worked out historically and philosophically in the somewhat wearisome volumes of Benedetto Croce, who is usually considered the originator 5 of a new aesthetic. Croce was, in fact, expressing a very old idea. Long before the Romantics stressed intuition and self-expression, the frenzy of inspiration was regarded as fundamental to art, but philosophers had always assumed it must be controlled by law and by the 10 intellectual power of putting things into harmonious order. This general philosophic concept of art was supported by technical necessities. It was necessary to master certain laws and to use intellect in order to build Gothic cathedrals, or set up the stained glass windows of 15 Chartres. When this bracing element of craftsmanship ceased to dominate artists‘ outlook, new technical elements had to be adopted to maintain the intellectual element in art. Such were linear perspective and anatomy.(156 words)
6. The passage suggests that which of the following would most likely have occurred if linear perspective and anatomy had not come to influence artistic endeavor?
(A) The craftsmanship that shaped Gothic architecture would have continued to dominate artists‘ outlooks.
(B) Some other technical elements would have been adopted to discipline artistic inspiration.
(C) Intellectual control over artistic inspiration would not have influenced painting as it did architecture.
(D) The role of intuitive inspiration would not have remained fundamental to theories of artistic creation.
(E) The assumptions of aesthetic philosophers before Croce would have been invalidated.
7. Select the sentence in the passage that indicates a traditional assumption of aesthetic philosophers.
8. The author mentions “linear perspective and anatomy” in the last sentence in order to do which of the following ?
(A) Expand his argument to include painting as well as architecture
(B) Indicate his disagreement with Croce‘s theory of the origins of art
(C) Support his point that rational order of some kind has often seemed to discipline artistic inspiration
(D) Explain the rational elements in Gothic painting that corresponded to craftsmanship in Gothic architecture
(E) Show the increasing sophistication of artists after the Gothic period
答案：6.B 7.Long before the Romantics stressed 。。。8.C
新GRE逻辑阅读练习题
Since science tries to deal with reality, even the most precise sciences normally work with more or less imperfectly understood approximations toward which scientists must maintain an appropriate skepticism. Thus, 5 for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic 10 effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. Physicists, looking at the original Schrodinger equation, learn to sense in it the presence of many invisible terms in addition to the 15 differential terms visible, and this sense inspires an entirely appropriate disregard for the purely technical features of the equation. This very healthy skepticism is foreign to the mathematical approach. Mathematics must deal with well-defined situations. Thus, mathematicians 20 depend on an intellectual effort outside of mathematics forthe crucial specification of the approximation that mathematics is to take literally. (177 words)
11. According to the passage, scientists are skeptical toward their equations because scientists
(A) work to explain real, rather than theoretical or simplified, situations
(B) know that well-defined problems are often the most difficult to solve
(C) are unable to express their data in terms of multiple variables
(D) are unwilling to relax the axioms they have developed
(E) are unable to accept mathematical explanations of natural phenomena
12. The author implies that scientists develop a healthy skepticism because they are aware that
(A) mathematicians are better able to solve problems than are scientists
(B) changes in axiomatic propositions will inevitably undermine scientific arguments
(C) well-defined situations are necessary for the design of reliable experiments
(D) mathematical solutions can rarely be applied to real problems
(E) some factors in most situations must remain unknown
答案：A/E
新GRE逻辑阅读练习题
Nahuatl, like Greek and German, is a language that allows the formation of extensive compounds. By the combination of radicals or semantic elements, single compound words can express complex conceptual 5 relations, often of an abstract universal character. The tlamatinime (―those who know‖) were able to use this rich stock of abstract terms to express the nuances of their thought. They also availed themselves of other forms of expression with metaphorical meaning, 10 some probably original, some derived from Toltec coinages. Of these forms the most characteristic in Nahuatl is the juxtaposition of two words that, because they are synonyms, associated terms, or even contraries, complement each other to evoke one single idea. Used as 15 metaphor, the juxtaposed terms connote specific or essential traits of the being they refer to, introducing a mode of poetry as an almost habitual form of expression. (140 words)
9. According to the passage, some abstract universal ideas can be expressed in Nahuatl by
(A) taking away from a word any reference to particular instances
(B) removing a word from its associations with other words
(C) giving a word a new and opposite meaning
(D) putting various meaningful elements together in one word
(E) turning each word of a phrase into a poetic metaphor For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
10. It can be inferred solely from the information in the passage EXCEPT that
□A all abstract universal ideas are ideas of complex relations
□B some record or evidence of the thought of the tlamatinime exists
□C metaphors are always used in Nahuatl to express abstract conceptual relationships
答案：D/AC
新GRE逻辑阅读练习题
Some modern anthropologists hold that biological evolution has shaped not only human morphology but also human behavior. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of 5 human behavior but one of imposing constraints—ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that "come natu-rally" in archetypal situations in any culture. Our "frailties" –emotions and motives such as rage, fear, greed, gluttony, joy, lust, love—may be a very mixed 10 assortment, but they share at least one immediate quality: we are, as we say, "in the grip" of them. And thus they give us our sense of constraints. Unhappily, some of those frailties—our need for ever-increasing security among them—are presently 15 maladaptive. Yet beneath the overlay of cultural detail, they, too, are said to be biological in direction,and therefore as natural to us as are our appendixes. We would need to comprehend thoroughly their adaptive origins in order to understand how badly they20 guide us now. And we might then begin to resist their pressure.
1. Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphol- ogy for the "details" versus "constraints" distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior?
(A) The ability of most people to see all the colors of the visible spectrum as against most people‘s inability to name any but the primary colors
(B) The ability of even the least fortunate people to show compassion as against people‘s inability to mask their feelings completely
(C) The ability of some people to dive to great depths as against most people‘s inability to swim long distances
(D) The psychological profile of those people who are able to delay gratification as against people‘s inability to control their lives completely
(E) The greater lung capacity of mountain peoples that helps them live in oxygen-poor air as against people‘s inability to fly without special apparatus
2. It can be inferred that in his discussion of maladaptive frailties the author assumes that
(A) evolution does not favor the emergence of adaptive characteristics over the emergence of maladaptive ones
(B) any structure or behavior not positively adaptive is regarded as transitory in evolutionary theory
(C) maladaptive characteristics, once fixed, make the emergence of other maladaptive characteristics more likely
(D) the designation of a characteristic as being maladaptive must always remain highly tentative
(E) changes in the total human environment can outpace evolutionary change
答案：E/E
