雅思阅读训练方法之平行阅读法的步骤讲解
雅思阅读训练方法之平行阅读法的步骤讲解一文向我们介绍了雅思阅读当中的一种方法称之为平行阅读法。这种方法需要我们带着多个问题去原文中找答案。
雅思阅读训练方法之平行阅读法的步骤讲解
雅思阅读训练方法之平行阅读法的步骤讲解为你带来一种大家或许听说过的雅思阅读的训练方法——平行阅读法的做题步骤和使用原理。雅思阅读有3篇文章构成，需要我们在阅读考试的规定时间内做完40多道题，且每道题还会有不同的类型，这更增加了我们的做题难度。因此，掌握正确的阅读训练方法是有必要的。
雅思平行阅读法剖析了雅思阅读独特的结构问题。雅思阅读文章有2～5 种题型，出题点在文章中无序排列。如果按照传统方法从前往后做题，必须把文章读2 ～3 遍(一篇雅思阅读文章约有800～1000字)——这是绝大多数考生在60 分钟内完不成40 个题目的主要原因。通过研究多套真题，笔者发现，虽然题目的出题点排列整体无序，可是在每一类题型内部却有序。因此，改传统的串行思维为并行思维，就是克 服结构障碍的平行阅读模式。
平行阅读法是一个开放的方法，对不同水平的读者要求不同。例如，一个以阅读为强项又想拿7 分、8 分的考生，不仅应该带3 个题目回原文找答案，还要运用平行阅读法的补充方法——比如判断题的“经验2”——来做题，因为他有这个实力。对于阅读能力稍差的考生，则可只运用平行阅 读法的基本款。如果考生的口语和听力占优势，阅读只需拿5 分，那么不妨仍按传统方法做题。阅读障碍的成因雅思阅读共有8 种题型，分别是:选择、判断、填空、选标题、简答、补全句子、图表和配对。每一篇文章都配有至少2种题型，多则5种，题型间的搭配也很灵活。但最关键的是题目并不按传统顺序排列。我们先以最简单的2种题型的搭配为例来说明。
假设有选择和判断两种题型：选择题有5 道，为1-5;判断题有5 道，为6-10。这两种题型的题目在原文出现的顺序可能有3 种： a. 先后顺序(传统顺序)。10 个题目的关键词按顺序从前往后即从1 - 10 依次在文章中出现。b. 部分交叉。第一种题型的首题关键词在文章中的位置先于第二种题型的首题(第6题)关键词，但其余题目的关键词与第二种题型题目的关键词在文章中交叉排列，但每种 题型内部仍按关键词在文中出现的先后顺序排列题目。如:1,6,2,3,7,4,5,8,9,10。c. 完全交叉。两种题型中各题目的关键词在文章中完全交叉在一起，第二种题型的首题关键词在文章中的位置先于第一种题型的首题关键词，但每种题型内部仍按关键词在文 中出现的先后顺序排列题目。如:6,1,7,2,3,4,8,5,9,10。以上3 种类型中，第1 类顺序我们最熟悉，考生只需按以往做题习惯从前往后读一遍文章，就可以把所有题目做完。在第2 类顺序中，除各自的首题外两种题型的关键词在文章中交叉出现，如果仍按顺序做题，难免漏题。因此必须至少读两遍原文才能把所有题目做完。第3 类顺序中两种题型的关键词完全交叉在一起，第2 种题型的首题第6 题的关键词最先出现在文章开头。题目之间没有明显的先后顺序。在没有恰当技巧的情况下，也要至少读两遍文章才能完成所有题目。d.隐含顺序。
如果仔细观察，不难发现即使在第2、第3 种情况中里依然存在着某种“先后顺序”，这种隐含顺序就是雅思阅读“革命性方法”的基础，即：1. 各类题型的题目关键词在整体上不存在先后顺序(disorder);2. 每一类题型内部却有先后顺序(order)。 把这两个特点组合在一起，就显现出雅思阅读题的结构特点——有序的无序性(orderly-disorder)。这个特点是平行阅读法存在的前提。例 如，在前面的例子中，1～10 题整体上不存在先后顺序，但是第1 种题型的1 ～5题关键词按先后顺序出现，第2 种题型的6～10 题关键词也按先后顺序出现。5 步平行阅读法 如果你理解了这种奇特的顺序，那么你已经准备好采用一种全新的方法应对雅思阅读题。我把这种方法总结成5步，并以文章“Sydney 2000Olympics”为例做说明：
步骤1，略读题目(Skimming)。
略读文章的标题和首句，理解文章大意。在本例中，阅读标题Sydney2000 Olympics就能基本了解文章大意。
步骤2 ，精读问题(ReadingQuestions Intensively)。
如果文章配有3 种或3 种以上的题型，建议精读前三类题型的第1 道题，确定关键词。在本例中，应该先精读第1 题和第9 题，因为其答案出现的先后顺序不确定。第1 题的关键词为$960million，第9 题为1993。
步骤3，扫读原文(Scanning)。
回原文扫读关键词的3 种语言重现。这一步要利用本书介绍的新概念——语言重现，它包括3 类重现方式：1.A 对A 的原词重现。2.A 对B 的同义词重现。3.关系重现。
步骤4，精读出现语言重现的上下文(Reading Intensively)。
通过精读上下文，理解含义，分析语法，得出答案。扫读原文时，一旦发现关键词的任何一类语言重现，即转入精读过程。如果说扫读是看大意，那么精读就是 字斟句酌地看。不但要理解文章意思，还要分析语法，以便得出准确的答案。在本例中，最先在文中出现的是第1 题的关键词 $960 million的AA 语言重现，便可在此处找出答案。
步骤5，精读下一题(Reading the Next Question Intensively)。
此处用到刚才讲的“隐含顺序”：虽然题型之间不存在顺序，但是每一类题型内部的题目排列却有顺序。所以，第5 步解释为(如果第4 步完成的是第N 道题)：继续精读第N + 1 道题。 进一步说明：我们在第2 步精读第1题和第9题，分别找出关键词$960million 和1993，并回原文扫读其语言重现。在第1段找到 $960 million的原词重现，精读后完成第1 题，N = 1。
接下来精读第N+1题，即第2题，关键词是大写的Federal Government。于是带第2题和第9题的关键词回原文继续扫读。在第2段找到第9题1993的AA 重现，精读后把第9题做完。此时N=9，N+1=10。
精读第10题，找出关键词revisedbudget。然后带第2 题与第10 题的关键词Federal Government 和revisedbudget 回原文扫读。很明显，第3 段里有revised budget。
做完第10题后看第11题，其关键词为含有大写字母的F e d e r a lGovernment's $5 million grant，与第2题的关键词重合，都在第3段最后。这里同时找到第2题和第10题的语言重现，得出答案后精读第3题和第11题。依此类推，直到完成所有题目。
在本篇文章中，每道题的答案在文章中出现的顺序是(黑体数字是判断题的题号):1，9，10，2，11，3，4，5，12，6，7，13，14，8。到此便能理解，上述新方法的特点是在各类题型之间穿梭做题，这符合雅思阅读题目答案在文章中的分布规律。 平行阅读法的优势。
平行阅读法是一种“一揽子方案”。无论关键词在文章中是顺序分布、部分交叉分布或完全交叉分布，考生都可以只阅读一遍文章就把题目完成，节省了反复阅 读的时间。特别要强调的是，“平行阅读法”一开始需要记住两道或三道题目的关键词，中间还要在题目之间转换，这对很多考生来说增加了负担。但是，这种技巧 完全可以通过练习来快速适应。要知道，一遍阅读要比任何形式的多遍阅读都快。
另外，平行阅读法强调把全文通读一遍，这也避免了因跳跃式定位关键词的AA 重现而错过AB 同义词重现的尴尬。因为，不逐句浏览是不可能找到A B 重现的。
对于刚刚接触雅思考试和平行阅读法的读者，在“平行阅读法”的5个步骤中最需要花时间练习的是第2步。精读题干，是要发现并牢记每道题中的关键词，然后转入第3步的文章扫读。有的考生却在第2步节省时间，仓促看题，关键词抓得不准，理解不透，结果在扫读文章时错过关键词的重现，反而浪费时间。
雅思阅读题中，各题型内部关键词的顺序性是存在的。但是，凡规律都有例外(There is no rule withoutexception.)。在极个别的情况下，题型内部也有乱序。
综上所述，平行阅读法并不是死的、一成不变的方法，它提供了一种多题并举的做题新思维。读者应根据自己的阅读实力和对考试分数的要求来使用这种方法。
以上就是雅思阅读训练方法之平行阅读法的步骤讲解的全部内容，同学们都了解并掌握了这种方法了吗。其实我们把平行阅读法再归纳总结一下的话，可以说成是带着复数个问题重读原文，定位相关词语找答案。因此他需要用到的技巧就是同义词替换，定位等。
雅思考试阅读模拟试题及答案解析
From The Economist print edition
How shops can exploit people’s herd mentality to increase sales
1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is， how ants， bees or any social animal， including humans， behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.
2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome， Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani， a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology， described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted： for instance， by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store， forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes， also of the Florida Institute of Technology， set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that， if a certain product is seen to be popular， shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.
3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani’s supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag， a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information， and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods， a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high， he is more likely to select it too.
4. Mr Usmani’s “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “right” product—that is， the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world， mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work， and testing will get under way in the spring.
5. Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could， indeed， be boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14，000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded， they followed the crowd. When the songs were not ordered by rank， but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed， the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so.
6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category， and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem， a company in Cambridge， Massachusetts， also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales.
7. And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online retailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers. Even in the privacy of your home， you can still be part of the swarm.
Questions 1-6
Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
1. Shopowners realize that the smell of _______________ can increase sales of food products.
2. In shops， products shelved at a more visible level sell better even if they are more _______________.
3. According to Mr. Usmani， with the use of “swarm intelligence” phenomenon， a new method can be applied to encourage _______________.
4. On the way to everyday items at the back of the store， shoppers might be tempted to buy _______________.
5. If the number of buyers shown on the _______________ is high， other customers tend to follow them.
6. Using the “swarm-moves” model， shopowners do not have to give customers _______________ to increase sales.
雅思考试阅读模拟试题及答案解析
Questions 7-12
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 7-12 write
YES if the statement agrees with the information
NO if the statement contraicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage
7. Radio frequency identification technology has been installed experimentally in big supermarkets like Wal-Mart.
8. People tend to download more unknown songs than songs they are familiar with.
9. Songs ranked high by the number of times being downloaded are favored by customers.
10. People follow the others to the same extent whether it is convenient or not.
11. Items sold in some Japanese stores are simply chosen according to the sales data of other shops.
12. Swarm intelligence can also be observed in everyday life.
Answer keys：
1. 答案：(freshly baked) bread. (第1段第2 行：Shoppers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they intended.)
2. 答案：expensive. (第1段第4 行： Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors.)
3. 答案：impulse buying. (第2段第1 句：At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome， Zeeshan- ul- hassan Usmani， a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology， described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon.)
4. 答案：other (tempting) goods/things/products. (第2段第2 句：Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted： for instance， by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store， forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them.)
5. 答案：screen. (第3段第4 行：As a customer walks past a shelf of goods， a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high， he is more likely to select it too.)
6. 答案：discounts. (第4段第第1句：Mr Usmani’s “swarm- moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.)
7. 答案：NO. (第4段第3、4 句：The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world， mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal- Mart in America an Tesco in Britain are interestd in his workd， and testing will get under way in the spring. 短语 “get under way”的意思是“开始进行”，在Wal-Mart的试验要等到春天才开始)
8. 答案：NOT GIVEN. (在文中没有提及该信息)
9. 答案：YES。 (第5段第3 句：The reseachers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they have been downloaded， they followed the crowd.)
10. 答案：NO。 (第5段最后两句：When the songs are not ordered by rank， but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed， the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so. pronounced 的词义是“显著的、明显的”)
11. 答案：YES。 (第6段第1 句：In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies.)
12. 答案：YES。 (最后一段最后一句：Even in the privacy of your home， you can still be part of the swarm. home应该算是everyday life的一部分
