GRE阅读备考调整思维方式是开始
GRE阅读备考调整思维方式是开始 ,4个要点助你重塑阅读解题思路,下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
GRE阅读备考调整思维方式是开始 4个要点助你重塑阅读解题思路
阅读思维塑造：文中没说的不要选
看似简单，其实包含的道理很复杂，人是主观动物，考生们总会习惯性的根据自己的知识对文中不存在的东西进行脑补，然后得出一个看似有理，实则荒谬的答案。所以，请各位考生在下笔选之前，首先问自己这个原文到底说了没有，如果没说而是自己下意识得出的推理猜测，那么还请三思而后选。
阅读思维塑造：“取非”思想
这个思维简单实用。在GRE阅读中，虚拟语气就有一种很有用的含义，那就是——见到虚拟语气就要想到“取非”。比如作者如果写到：“如果我能够把韦氏字典都背完，那我GRE阅读肯定没有问题了。”这句话其实想要表达的问题就是“我的GRE阅读有问题”。运用这种取非的思想我们可以迅速的把握作者的态度，以及作者想要表达的真实意思。就不用先翻译成绕口的中文，再拼命的思索其中的含义，可以有效地为考试争取时间。在题干中看到虚拟语气，大多需要用到取非思想，与之相对应的一种题型是GRE阅读题中常见的一种，叫做“改进型取非题”。既然是改进，原文肯定说到了它的不好之处或者有unless的句子，我们把造成不好的原因取非，就是所要的答案了。取非的思路除了可以在虚拟语气中使用，还可以在另一种逻辑关系中使用，就是强对比的关系，也就是GRE阅读题中另一种常考题型“强对比互取非题”，其主要特点是：原文中有强对比的双方，题干只问及其中一方，答案是对另一方叙述的取非;或者题干和原文存在强对比要素，如典型的时间要素，答案也是对原文的叙述取非。这就是时间状语的取非。其它的强对比关系(如处于相对低于空间的事物通常其特点呈强对比;新事物、新观点和旧事物、传统观点呈强对比;用最高级、唯一性限定的事物和其余所有同类事物的特征呈强对比等)，相信考生可以一眼看出，在此就不在一一列举例子了，重点在明白这种取非的思想。
阅读思维塑造：关于逻辑命题的问题
此类题目在GRE阅读中称为逻辑题，就是哪个选项成立，会support/weaken原文的观点。
先讲讲里面的逻辑思维，一个命题主要由三部分构成：条件、结论以及条件到结论的推理过程。如果同学们看到一个中文问题，说“下列哪项可以支持原文观点?”相信同学们的第一反应就是找原文的结论，再看哪个选项支持结论。这个思维就太狭隘了，因为支持条件、结论和推理过程都是对原文观点的支持，这点思维大家要建立起来。考生们在做完一个逻辑题以后，不要满足于答案，要多想想到底是支持或削弱了条件，结论还是推理过程。当把这种思维变成自己思维一部分的时候，自然可以应对自如。
阅读思维塑造：类比的思维
类比的思维在GRE阅读中绝对不少见，也就是常说的类比题。主要说“下述哪一选项所述现象和原文第N行的说法比较相像?”或者说“下列哪个选项为原文的观点提供了一个很好的例子?”
此类题的思路是：要首先对原文的内容进行归纳和抽象，抽象的时候要注意，有态度的要把态度留下，大家可以自己尝试一下如何抽象，同时也可以尝试下对其它错误选项同样也抽象。这种题目切记，不可先看选项，一定要“先抽象，再选项”。
以上就是关于GRE阅读思维塑造的一些技巧和思路，大家可以结合上述内容，总结到自己的备考方法和计划中，为GRE阅读获得高分做好充分的准备。
GRE阅读题目解析:鲸和海豚的学习能力
P24
Some researchers claim that cetaceans—whales and dolphins—have culture, which the researchers define as the ability to learn from one another. Skeptics, however, demand clear evidence that cetaceans can acquire new behaviors through some form of social learning, preferably clear-cut instances of imitation or teaching. But such evidence is difficult to obtain. While few people doubt that captive cetaceans are adept at imitation or that they reproduce behaviors taught by researchers, biologists seeking insight into cetaceans’ behavior in their natural habitats must rely on deduction rather than experiments. If members of a particular group share behaviors that do not result from genetic inheritance or environmental variation, then they have almost certainly learned them by watching, following, or listening to other animals.
1. Which of the following best describe the function of the highlighted sentence?
A. It identifies a factor that complicates biologists’ ability to draw conclusions about the behavior of cetaceans in their natural environments.
B. It illustrates the kind of deduction mentioned in the preceding sentence.
C. It explains why skeptics have remained unpersuaded by evidence that has been put forward in support of the claim that cetaceans have culture.
D. It introduces a claim that would be dismissed by both supporters and opponents of the view that cetaceans have culture.
E. It notes a previously overlooked factor that might shed light on the question of whether cetaceans have culture.
2. The passage suggests which of the following about captive cetaceans?
A. Whether they are engaged in social learning is a subject of disagreement among biologists.
B. Their ability to imitate new behaviors is more extensive than that of noncaptive cetaceans.
C. They exhibit few behaviors that have not also been observed in cetaceans in their natural habitats.
D. They appear to adopt new behaviors more quickly than noncaptive cetaceans.
E. They exhibit tendencies that suggest a capacity for the kind of behavior that qualifies as cultural.
P24
1
Some researchers claim that cetaceans — whales and dolphins — have culture, which the researchers define as the ability to learn from one another.
一些研究者认为鲸目动物 —— 鲸和海豚 —— 拥有文化，研究者把它定义为互相学习的能力。
【si-'tā-shən】
2
Skeptics, however, demand clear evidence that cetaceans can acquire new behaviors through some form of social learning, preferably clear-cut instances of imitation or teaching.
然而对此持怀疑态度的人，要求给出鲸目动物可以通过某种社交学习的形式，习得新行为的确定证据，最好是清晰无误的模仿或教学的例子。
3
But such evidence is difficult to obtain.
但这种证据不易获得。
4
While few people doubt that captive cetaceans are adept at imitation or that they reproduce behaviors taught by researchers, biologists seeking insight into cetaceans’ behavior in their natural habitats must rely on deduction rather than experiments.
尽管没什么人怀疑，被圈养的鲸目动物擅长模仿，或者说它们复制研究者教给它们的行为，但想要理解自然栖息地的鲸目动物的行为，生物学家必须依赖推演，而不是实验。
5
If members of a particular group share behaviors that do not result from genetic inheritance or environmental variation, then they have almost certainly learned them by watching, following, or listening to other animals.
如果某个群体的成员都具有一些，并非来自于基因遗传或环境改变(造成)的行为，那么几乎可以确定它们是通过观察，跟随或听从其他动物而习得的。
1. Which of the following best describe the function of the highlighted sentence?
A. It identifies a factor that complicates biologists’ ability to draw conclusions about the behavior of cetaceans in their natural environments.
B. It illustrates the kind of deduction mentioned in the preceding sentence.
C. It explains why skeptics have remained unpersuaded by evidence that has been put forward in support of the claim that cetaceans have culture.
D. It introduces a claim that would be dismissed by both supporters and opponents of the view that cetaceans have culture.
E. It notes a previously overlooked factor that might shed light on the question of whether cetaceans have culture.
选 B
举例说明前一句话中提到的 deduction 。
2. The passage suggests which of the following about captive cetaceans?
A. Whether they are engaged in social learning is a subject of disagreement among biologists.
B. Their ability to imitate new behaviors is more extensive than that of noncaptive cetaceans.
C. They exhibit few behaviors that have not also been observed in cetaceans in their natural habitats.
D. They appear to adopt new behaviors more quickly than noncaptive cetaceans.
E. They exhibit tendencies that suggest a capacity for the kind of behavior that qualifies as cultural.
选 E
难题，一起看。
A
强干扰项。关于鲸目动物是否能够社交学习，生物学家意见不同。单看这句话，无比对。但请注意题目问的是 CAPTIVE cetaceans 而不是单纯的 cetaceans，加了 captive 这个限定成分，这句话仍然对，但不如 E 更优。
B
干扰项。被圈养的鲸目动物模仿新行为的能力，范围比野生的更广。这是一个难以证实的结论，被圈养的海豚的确有非常强的模仿能力，能够遵照人类的指令做很多事，但野生的海豚，你甚至难以确定它有没有模仿能力，它不模仿你很可能只是因为它觉得你傻，不想模仿你，而并非不具备模仿的能力，可你一旦把它抓起来逼它模仿，逼它展示能力，就使它失去了野生动物的设定。陷阱啊同学们。
C
错在 few 。我觉得任何一个看过海豚表演(哪怕是视频里看过)的人，都知道它们可以学习一些在栖息地野生条件下所不具备的行为，比如我敢打赌野生海豚不会跳出水面钻一个火圈，野生环境里根本就没有火圈给它钻。
D
错在 more quickly，难以证实，同 B 。
E
它们展现出一些可能，即具备可以被认为形成某种文化的行为的学习能力。
翻译成中文，就不太像人话，我再意译一下。
有些生物学家认为鲸目动物可以被认为形成了文化，即它们有通过社交活动，习得新行为的能力。另外一些生物学家说你拿出证据来，谁跟谁学了，学了啥，咋学的，无视频无真相，前者拿不出。
接着作者说，这种证据不好找。(因为就算你找到了一个个例，A 跟 B 学了，你也只能证明 A 和 B 之间存在某种形成了文化的可能，而不是整个鲸目动物都形成了学习的文化。)所以作者说，要支持这个结论，需要依赖推演 deduction 而不是实验 experiments 。然后作者还例举了一种 deduction，即句 5 。
现在我们理一理线索：
1 鲸目动物有模仿人或者说听从人类指令的能力和行为?有。
2 鲸目动物互相之间有没有(非基因或环境因素导致)学习行为?没观察到。
尽管 2 尚未被证明，但 1 的成立，让有些科学家怀疑，它们已经产生了学习的文化。而让 1 成立的，正是那些 captive cetaceans 。所以说：They exhibit tendencies that suggest a capacity for the kind of behavior that qualifies as cultural.
所以选 E。
GRE阅读题目解析:46亿年前太阳的亮度
P23
When Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago, the Sun burned only 70 percent as brightly as it does today. Yet Geologic record contains no evidence for widespread glaciation until 2.3 billion years ago. Sagan and Mullen suggested in the 1970s that ammonia, a greenhouse gas, warmed early Earth’s atmosphere, but subsequent research showed that the Sun’s ultraviolet rays rapidly destroy ammonia in an oxygen-free environment, such as that of early Earth. Many scientists now attribute much of the warming of early Earth to oxygen-intolerant microbes—methanogens—that produce the greenhouse gas methane. The methanogen hypothesis could help to explain the first global ice age: 2.3 billion years ago, Earth’s atmosphere began to fill with oxygen produced by other microbes—cyanobacteria—causing methanogens to decline rapidly.
1. Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted sentence?
A. It refutes the possibility of a connection between two events previously thought to be related.
B. It describes how a hypothesis might account for the timing of a phenomenon described earlier in the passage
C. It presents evidence that casts doubt on a statement made in the first sentence of the passage
D. It clarifies a distinction between two related hypotheses
E. It introduces findings that challenge a dominant explanation for a particular phenomenon
2. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about methanogens?
A. Methanogens must have appeared on Earth later than 2.3 billion years ago.
B. Methanogens must have been much more prevalent in some regions of the early Earth than in others.
C. Methanogens produce a greenhouse gas that is more susceptible to destruction by the Sun’s ultraviolent rays than is ammonia.
D. Methanogens could not have thrived in early Earth’s atmosphere without the presence of ammonia.
E. Methanogens would have had a less significant effect on early Earth’s atmosphere if they had evolved after the appearance of cyanobacteria.
P23
1
When Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago, the Sun burned only 70 percent as brightly as it does today.
46 亿年前地球刚形成时，太阳燃烧发出的亮度值相当于今天的七成。
2
Yet Geologic record contains no evidence for widespread glaciation until 2.3 billion years ago.
然而地质记录中直到 23 亿年前才首次出现广泛的结冰期的证据。
3
Sagan and Mullen suggested in the 1970s that ammonia, a greenhouse gas, warmed early Earth’s atmosphere, but subsequent research showed that the Sun’s ultraviolet rays rapidly destroy ammonia in an oxygen-free environment, such as that of early Earth.
S 和 M 于 1970 年代提出氨，一种温室气体，导致地球大气暖化，但随后的研究表明，太阳紫外线在无氧环境中快速分解了氨，这正如形成初期的地球的大气环境。
4
Many scientists now attribute much of the warming of early Earth to oxygen-intolerant microbes — methanogens — that produce the greenhouse gas methane.
现在，许多科学家把早期地球暖化，主要归因于厌氧微生物 —— 甲烷菌 ——它产生温室气体甲烷。
5
The methanogen hypothesis could help to explain the first global ice age: 2.3 billion years ago, Earth’s atmosphere began to fill with oxygen produced by other microbes — cyanobacteria — causing methanogens to decline rapidly.
甲烷菌假设，可以帮助解释第一次全球结冰期：23 亿年前，地球大气开始充满其他微生物 —— 藻青菌生产的氧气 —— 致使甲烷菌迅速减少。
1. Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted sentence?
A. It refutes the possibility of a connection between two events previously thought to be related.
B. It describes how a hypothesis might account for the timing of a phenomenon described earlier in the passage
C. It presents evidence that casts doubt on a statement made in the first sentence of the passage
D. It clarifies a distinction between two related hypotheses
E. It introduces findings that challenge a dominant explanation for a particular phenomenon
选 B
它描述了一种假设，也许可以解释前文出现的一种现象出现的时机。
文段开头描述了一种现象：地球刚开形成时，太阳燃烧发光比现在弱(暗示那时地球应该很冷)，但地址记录中直到地球形成 23 亿年后，才出现第一次广泛冰期的证据(意味着最开始的 23 亿年并不冷)。
高亮句对这种现象给出一种假设，作为解释：
最开始地球上充满了 methanogens，它们讨厌氧气，它们每天的工作就是产生甲烷，而甲烷作为一种温室气体，使地球在太阳照射较弱的前 23 亿年保持温暖。但 23 亿年的某个时间，突然出现了大量的 cyanobacteria 藻青菌，这些家伙开始生产氧气，氧气毒死了之前那些 methanogens，也就减少了大气中的甲烷 methan，结果地球变冷，出现了第一次冰期。
所以选 B 。
2. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about methanogens?
A. Methanogens must have appeared on Earth later than 2.3 billion years ago.
B. Methanogens must have been much more prevalent in some regions of the early Earth than in others.
C. Methanogens produce a greenhouse gas that is more susceptible to destruction by the Sun’s ultraviolent rays than is ammonia.
D. Methanogens could not have thrived in early Earth’s atmosphere without the presence of ammonia.
E. Methanogens would have had a less significant effect on early Earth’s atmosphere if they had evolved after the appearance of cyanobacteria.
选 E
从文中可以得到什么推论。
A
产甲烷菌一定出现在 23 亿年以后。错的离谱。文段逻辑显然是，前 23 亿年无冰期都靠 methanogens 撑场面。
B
产甲烷菌在某些地区更多。未知信息。
C
产甲烷菌生产一种，比氨更容易被太阳紫外线摧毁的温室气体。说反了。
D
错。因为 methanogens 就是产甲烷的，从名字都能看出来。
E
如果 methanogens 比 cyanobateria 出现的晚，作用就不那么重要了。正确，因为后者会杀死前者，前者的暖化作用就被削弱了。
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