托福语法精讲复习

语法一直都是一些同学的痛点，为了让同学们高效的备考托福，小编整理了托福语法精讲复习，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

托福语法精讲复习1

介词是TOEFL试题中比较活较的词性，而且具有一定的难度。中国学生一向对介词感到束手无策，因为英文介词种类繁多且词意多变。不过，TOEFL涉及的有关介词的题目重复性很强，而且有规律可循。只要考生善于总结、记忆，还是可以保证得满分的。介词的题目主要分布在Written Expression(16-40题)中，命题焦点售在中(1)含有介词的固定短语，(2)含有特定含义的介词误用

介词常考题型及解题要点

1.含有介词的固定短语：短语或词组中的介词不能随意更换或省略

全真例题分析

(1)Most aquatic animals breathe by means external respiratory organs called gills.

(答案)C 正确的短语为by means of,其中的介词of不能省略

(2) Speed refers only toward the rate of mution without

specifying any direction of motion.(94.8)

(答案)A 正确短语形式为refer to

(3) Historical geology deals about data on the development of the Earth

gathered from the study of rocks, which are analyzed to determine their age and composition. (93.8)

(答案) A正确短语式式为deal with.

(4) The diamond is the only gemstone composed with just one chemical element, carbon.

(答案) A 正确短语形式为。Be composed of

(5) Best known for his research in statistical mechanics and meson physics. Chen Ning Yang shared the Nobel Prize in 1957 to another physicist from the United States, Tsung-dao Lee.

(答案) C 正确的短语搭配为 share.......with

(6) The doctrine of eminent domain is based the legal tradition that all real property is subject to the control of the state.

(答案) A 正确的短语形式为be based on 其中的介词on不能省掉。

2. 介词用错

解题要点 介词与后面的名词通常有固定的搭配习惯，或有特定的语意功能，不能随意更换。通常，介词毕有含义，不同的介词会使整个句子表达不同的意思。当A、B、C、D四个选择答案中出现单独划线的介词，应首先考虑它是否使用正确。

全真例题分析

(1)Scientists claim that an individual can function from about three days when totally deprived of sleep.

(答案) C from应改用for。表示动作延续的时间应用介词for。

(2) Canadian scarlet-clad guards and mounties with horseback are part of the summer scenery in Ottawa.

(答案) B with改为on,“骑在马背上”应用介词on表示位置。

(3) During eclipses of the Sun, the Ojibwa Indians of North America shot flaming arrows inside the sky to rekindle the light.

(答案) C inside改为into,介词into表示的动作性;shot……into the sky。天空无边无沿，不能用介词inside来修饰。

(4) Wild elephants are almost continuously waving their trunks. Both up in the air and down aside the ground.

(答案) D aside改为on。On the ground 是固定介宾搭配。Ground 没有边沿，无法用aside来修饰。

(5) Recent studies have shown that air into a house often has higher concentrations of contaminants than heavily polluted air outside.

(答案) A into改为in。Into强调动作，而in表示的是静止的状态。“房间里面的空气”只能用in来表示。

(6) The early use of a complete steel frame for towering buildings appeared in the first skyscraper, built on Chicago in 1883.

(答案) D built on 改为built in。城市名前面只能用介词in来修饰。

3.介词between和among的区别

解题要点 between表示二者之间，among表示三者或更多的整体概念。当A、B、C、D四项选择答案中出现between或者among时，它通常就是此题的命题焦点。

全真例题分析

(1) The determination of the path of Mars's orbit in 1609 became the unifying link among the two formerly separate realms of physics and astronomy.

(答案) C among改为between

(2) The Carlsbad caverns, located in New Mexico, rank between the largest underground labyrinths in the world.

(答案) B between改为among。表示多数概念，或范围时应用among。

(3) For a long time cotton ranked first bctween Alabama's crops, but today it accounts for only a fraction of the agricultural production.

(答案) A between改为among。表示范围时应用among。

托福语法精讲复习2

副词是TOEEL测试中非常活跃的词类。它与形容词一样，是词类变化题型必考的词性。一般说来，有关副词的题目并不很难。绝大部分考的是副词词性的判断。题型主要有下述几项：(1)副词与形容词混淆(详见本忆要点之[词类变化])(2)否定副词Not 的用法、(3)易混淆的副词。

副词常考题型及解题要点

1 副词与形容词的功能区别：形容词修饰名词;副词修饰除名词以外的所有词性及句子成分(详见本书要点之：词类变化)

[例1] The ordeal of the Cherokee Indians, who were forcible moved from their homeland in the 1830, is remembered as the ears (91.10)

[答案] B 修饰动词moved应用副词forcibly。

[例2] Although the United States experienced rapidly growth in the first half of the nincieenth century, it was still predominately concerned with agriculture and forestry. (93.10)

[答案] A 修饰名词growth应用形容词rapid，而不用副词rapidly。 此题是TOEEL常考类型题。请注意以- ly后缀构成的副词通常是命题焦点。

2. 否定词not与形容词no的区别

解题要点 区分副词not和形容词no的命题是TOEEL常考的题型，主要分布在structure (1-15题)中。当not或no出现在选择答案中，应首先判断它所修饰的中心词的词性以决定选哪一个否定词。

全真例分析

(1) Since Alaska attained statehood in 1959------- single party has dominated politics there.

(A) none

(B) no

(C) not

(D) never (94.1)

[答案] B 修饰中心名词party应用形容词no，而非副词not。

(2) ------- social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williams enthusiasm more than the expansion of the United States.

(A) No

(B) Nothing

(C) Not

(D) None (91.10)

[答案] 修饰主语名词crusade 应用形容词no. 而非副词not。

(3) ------- all rainwater falling from a cloud reaches the ground, some of it is lost through evaporation.

(A) Nowhere

(B) Not

(C) No

(D) None (91.8)

[答案] B 修饰形容词all应用否定副词not。Not all (不是所有的)是固定短语搭配，表示的是部分否定，not all = sosme。

(4) The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ------- clearly understood.

(A) none

(B) no

(C) not

(D) nor (90.5)

[答案] C 否定系词is，应用副词not。

(5) Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933. When Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. (89.1)

[答案] A Not 改为No.

3. 辨别词形相近的副词和形容词

hare (努力、副词)- hardly (几乎不、副词)

close (接近、形容词)- closely (接近、副词)

near (接近、形容词)- nearly (几乎、副词)

most (大多数的、形容词)-mostly(主要地、副词)

late (迟、晚、形容词)-lately(最近、副词)

全真例题分析

(1) Chief Joseph Flesche. A vigorous Omaha leader, worked hardly to make his nation a proud and progressive one. (93.1)

[答案] B hardly (几乎不)改为hard(努力)。

(2) Glaciers that develop nearly the North and South Poles advance into the sea. Break into pieces, and become icebergs. (90.8)

[答案] B 副词nearly意思是“几乎”。此句应改为near(接近)。

(3) Those electrons most closely to the nucleus are held electromagnetic force. (92.1)

[答案] B most closely 改为most close。

托福语法精讲复习(3)

分词是TOEEL必考内容，在历届试题中均占相当大的比例。分词的命题形式非常广泛。平均分布在written Expressions 和structure两部分。有时，即使分词不是题目焦点，但对分词的正确分析则可以帮助考生选择正确的答案。分词的命题要点集中在(1)分词的形容词特性、(2)分词短语作后置定语、(3) 现在分词和过去分词的主动与被动含义。

分词常考题型及解题要点：

1. 分词具有形容词特征，可单独作定语或表语。

全真例题分析

(1) The highly respect zoologist Ernest Just Joined the ruling board of the Marine Biological Laboratory in the 1930 (93.1)

[答案] B 动词respect用来修饰后面的名词zoologist，故应改用分词respected形式，其作用相当于形容词作定语。

(2) A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time. (90.1)

[答] C 修饰保词period应用动词的分词形式，即fixed。

(3) Characteristics of Op Art are the carefully arrange hues and geometric patterns that create optical illusions. (88.5)

[答案] A 修饰名词hues，应用分词形式arranged。

(4) The question of the origin of the Moon is interest not only in itself but also as a part of the larger genesis of the earth and the solar system . (88.5)

[答案] B interest应用其分词interesting形式作表语，作用相当于一个形空词。

2. 分词短语作定语，放置于中心名词后面

解题要点 分词短语作后置定语在TOEEL考题中出现频率非常高。因而，考生务必熟记这一结构和用法。实际上，分词短语作后置定语。皆是定语从句的省略形式。

全真例题分析

(1) The leaves and stems of the aifaifa plant are the only parts of the plant -------

(A) the uses for livestock feed

(B) for using livestock feed

(C) used for livestock feed

(D) they are used for livestock feed (93.1)

[答案] C过去分词used + 介语短语组成的分词短语修饰前面的名词成分the only parts of the plant，作后置定语。此结构亦扩展为定语从句(that are ) used for livestock feed

(2) The slide rule used sliding scales with marks ------- numbers and their logarithms.

(A) representing

(B) represented

(C) are represented

(D) they are representing (92.10)

[答案] A 分词短语作名词marks的后置定语，作用相当于一个定语从句：which represent numbers and their logarithms。

(3) Earlg philosophers believe that the mind was divided into three faculties ------- s feeling ,intellect and will

(A) to know

(B) known

(C) knowing

(D) knew them (94.1)

[答案] B分词短语known as…说明前面的名词three faculties。此结构可改写成定语从句。Which are known as…

(4) The bison know for the hump over its shoulders is usually called a buffalo in North America. (91.1)

[答案] A 此句主语是The bison ,谓语是系词is ,划线A部分应当为分词短语，修饰名词The bison .A应改为known for。

(5) Louisa May Alcott is chiefly remembered for Little Women. One of the most popular girls books ever wrote (88.5)

[答案] D 修饰名词books应用分词生语ever written。

3. 分词短语作状语

解题要点 在句了意义非常清楚明确时，状语从句通常可以简略为分词短语，但有一个先决条件。此分词短语的逻辑主语应与句子的主语为同一人或物，此类分词短语通常置于句首。

全真例题分析

(1) ------- as“the census taker of the sky”Annie Jump Cannon contributed considerably to the field of astronomy.

(A) Known

(B) Knowing

(C) To known

(D) Knowledge (92.5)

[答案] A 分词短语置于句首作表示身份的状语。它的逻辑主语即是句子的主语Annie Jump Cannon.

(2) ------- in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States .

(A) Founded

(B) Founding

(C) To found

(D) Having founded (92.1)

[答案] A 分词短语表示时间，其逻辑主语即是句子主语The Boston Latin School.

(3) ------- the constitution of the Cherokee Nation provided for a chief executive, a senate, and a house of representatives.

(A) In 1827 they drafted

(B) The draft in 1827

(C) In 1872 was drafted

(D) Drafted in 1827 (90.5)

[答案] D分词短语作状语，表示时间。此结构可扩展为一状语从句;where the constitution of the Cherokee Nation was drafted in 1827 it provided for a chief executive a senate, and a house of representatives.

4. 现在分词表达主动的概念;过去分词表达被动的概念

全真例题分析

(1) Tudging to be the best boxer of his time, sugar Ray Robinson lost only 3 out of 137 fights (94.1)

[答案] A 此分词短语与其逻辑上的主语sugar Ray Robinson 是被动的关系(Sugar was judged to be…) 故应用过去词Tudped to be.

(2) During the Colonial days, the Iroquois had an agricultural economy basing mainly on corn with supplementary crops of pumpkins ,beans, and tobacco. (92.1)

[答案] B通常我们说to be based on ，这个短语表示被动概念(基于，以…为基础)，所以应改用过去分词based。

(3) Per capita income is a nation entire income dividing by the number of people in the nation. (90.10)

[答案] B根据句意及分词dividing后面的介词by，可以推断这个分词短语表达的是被动的概念，因此，应用过去分词divided by。

(4) Clementine Hunter primitive paintings have been exhibited at various galleries. Included one at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. D.C. (93.1)

[答案] D 分词in cluded与其逻辑的主语paintings并无被动的关系，不应用过去分词，应改为惯用现在分词短语in cluding + 名词宾语的结构。