什么是托福独立写作的话题拆分法

为了让大家更好的准备托福考试，小编给大家整理一些托福写作小技巧，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

什么是托福独立写作的话题拆分法

我们来看下面的例子：

The Internet provides people with a lot of valuable information.

这道题目中有三个名词。第一个名词是the Internet，我们可以将它拆分为局域网(Local Area Network, LAN)、广域网(Wide Area Network, WAN)和城域网(Metropolitan Area Network, MAN)，那么文章的三段分别强调局域网、广域网和城域网给人们提供大量有价值的信息。

第二个名词是people，我们可以将它拆分为学生、商人、老人;因此，文章可以具体写网络为这三类人群提供大量有价值的信息。

第三个名词是information，我们可以将它拆分为不同种类的信息，如新闻、教育信息、生活信息和娱乐信息等;因此文章可以针对网络为人们提供上述任意三方面有价值的信息而展开。

我们再来看一个例子：

The movies and television programs made in your own country are more interesting than those made in foreign countries.

我们需要思考的问题是：哪些国外的电影和电视节目(movies and television programs)可以引起我们的兴趣呢?这些电影和电视节目可能涉及历史和自然景点(historical and scenic spots)、传统和风俗(tradition and customs)、奇闻和传说(anecdotes and legends)或者是宗教信仰(religious beliefs)等——因此，全文可以从上述任意三个方面展开。

有些考生会尝试着拆分foreign countries. 他们将foreign counties拆分为美国、英国和印度：美国的电影和电视节目更多彰显美国文化大熔炉的特征(cultural melting pot);英国的电影和电视节目更多表现了“日不落帝国”(the empire on which the Sun never sets)的“光辉岁月”(splendid moment);印度的电影和电视节目更多体现了千年的历史积淀(historical sediments)——这也是一种可行的拆分方法。

托福写作备考高分技巧揭秘

作为一种语言测试方式， 托福考试的重点是检测考生的英语语言水平，如何写出正确流畅的语言是得到托福写作单项高分的必备条件。那么如何才能得到阅读高分呢?下面新东方在线李盛老师给大家揭秘托福独立写作的高分技巧。

托福独立写作部分对于我们写作的总体要求是consistent facility in the use of language(语言运用的和谐流畅)，给我们的具体建议是a variety of sentence structures(句子结构多样)和word choice should be appropriate(措辞贴切得体)，评分者的审查角度是lexical or grammar errors(词汇和语法错误)以及the complexity of sentence structures(句子结构的复杂程度)和the quality and complexity of your vocabulary(考生所使用的词汇的质量和复杂程度)。接下来李盛老师分别先从语法错误、措辞和句子结构三个方面来探讨备考过程中应该注意的事项：

接上期，本期从the quality and complexity of your vocabulary开始：

既然OG中要求我们word choice should be appropriate(措辞贴切得体)，如何才能做到呢?这里大多数同学都有一个误解，认为quality and complexity of your vocabulary指的就是大量使用TOEFL甚至GRE的词汇，当然，这些词汇如果使用的正确固然是好的，但对于大多数同学来说，很多TOEFL/GRE词汇大家仅仅是认识，对于它们的搭配和感情色彩并不是很清楚，往往会闹出"今天我含笑九泉"、"我们的班长凡事都首当其冲"之类的笑话。

在托福独立写作中什么样的词汇才是appropriate或者说能到的一定的quality and complexity呢?在托福的评卷中，raters一方面会考虑同学们所使用的词汇的长度和复杂度，一方面会把考试文章中所使用的词汇表达与语料库中不同等级的文章进行比较，从而大致判定我们的文字语言水平。因此，平时多去积累高分范文中的表达对于我们提升自己的语言很大的帮助。

后是the complexity of sentence structures：

OG中要求做到句子结构多样，那么在保证句子表达正确性的基础上适当去变换句型就可以了。在这里很多同学又有误解，认为句子结构多样指的就是写长难句，但是滥用从句往往会使得语言变得啰嗦。我们通过对于独立写作高分范文的文本进行分析，可以总结出在高分范文中常见的句式有：

(1)并列句(包括平行结构，neither...nor...，not only...but also...等句式)

Junk food may cause a person to develop diabetes, to have heart disease, and to gain weight.

The mass media neither gives us the necessary information, nor does it tell us the truth.

(2)从句(包括名词性从句、形容词性从句、副词性从句)

What kind of person you wish to become is more important than what kind of job you will have.

No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.

(3)插入语

After-hours study, if properly managed, holds the key to success in the 21st century.

College students, lacking social experience, are easily cheated.

(4)句子强调(包括强调句式、倒装句式、否定句式等)

Only when the heavy and frequent exposure to television is restricted or regulated will the adolescents' life, both bodily and spiritually, be guaranteed.

(5)修饰性问句

If there were no Internet, how could people get various information immediately?

(6)分词

Tourism, which is a rising industry, has become the major source of economy, playing crucial role in many Asian countries.

在写作中，短句能够给人留下比较深刻的印象，比较适合用来表达观点;而长句善于表达非常复杂的逻辑关系，比较适合用来解释不同现象间的关系。由于长句和短句的不同功能，在托福写作中，我们常用短句来表达关键信息，尤其是引言段中的thesis statement和正文段的topic sentence，用长句来描述引言段中的背景信息和对正文段的topic sentence进行拓展。如果我们能做到这一点，文章中就会有长短句交替出现，避免枯燥乏味的问题。比如下面这个段落中，作者就用一个短句表达主题思想，然后用了几个长句来解释这个思想。

Children in modern society become more difficult to understand than 50 years ago. Children acquire a lot more new information and ideas from various resources, such as mass media and the Internet, while their parents always cannot accept those ideas, because they always have a stereotyped mind and are reluctant to take novel concepts. Therefore, generation gap becomes huger between parents and children in modern society, which impedes the communication between parents and the children.

后，我们要注意语言的衔接。高质量的文章要求行文流畅，各部分的起承转合不能有生涩之感，而衔接的主要目的是把文章里的各种内容有机地连接起来，使其成为一个整体，帮助读者更加清楚、准确地判断各部分之间的关系，更好地把握全文。这就像盖房子时在摆放整齐的砖块之间加上水泥，使之更为牢固。这一点在托福独立写作评分维度中的Organization中也有强调。简单的方法就是使用过渡词来实现上下文的衔接。学生可以使用英语中一些常见的过渡词来实现语言上的衔接：

(1)增补(Addition)

in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what`s more, similarly, next, finally.

(2)比较(Comparison)

in the same way, likewise, similarly, equally, just as, in comparison, Compared with…, …, comparing with,

(3)对照(Contrast)

whereas, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand, instead, however, nevertheless, unlike, even though, while

(4)因果(Cause and effect)

because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result(of), accordingly, hence, so, thus, given that

(5)强调(Emphasis)

certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely

(6)让步(Concession)

although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is true....

(7)例证(Exemplification)

for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illustration. One apt illustration of this point involves…

(8)总结(Conclusion)

to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nutshell, in summary

(9)当说到…时：

as of, when it comes to, concerning, when talking about, as far as,

时间和空间(Time and space)

afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyond, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of

当然，英语语言的使用更多的来自于同学们日常的积累。背诵单词并多读范文对于托福写作语言的准确使用有着很大的意思。

托福独立写作为什么容易被扣分

托福独立写作防止论述逻辑问题方法介绍

首先要说的是托福独立写作的论述逻辑问题。大家都知道独立写作从文章要求上来看其实是比较标准的立论文，也就是给出一个题目，考生自己选择一个观点进行展开论述的写作要求。而作为论述文章逻辑自然是非常重要的。无论是文章整体的逻辑，还是各个展开段落的逻辑以及段落之间的逻辑，考生都需要把握好才能避免在逻辑论述的环节扣分。中国考生在写议论文时候的思路一般都是按照顺序first, second这样的方式来展开。但开头之后具体内容其实跟这个顺序都扯不上关系。不仅每个段落自己之间无法实现逻辑自洽，段落之间更是没有合理的逻辑联系，这样的论述被扣分一点都不奇怪。

想要避免论述逻辑出错，最好的方法就是进行列提纲的训练。无论是实际动笔还是只看作文题目进行训练，考生都可以尝试先列出自己的思路提纲，然后再进行后续展开。具体来说，每看到一个话题想出自己的观点，接下来大家要做的就是展开这个观点，提出几个分论点，确保分论点能够支持自己的观点，同时分论点之间也需要有相互联系，可以是递进的顺序，也可以是让步或者并列等顺序。总之保持一个整体和个体之间的合理逻辑链，这样通过这种提纲写出来的文章自然就会具备较好的逻辑，因为论述逻辑而产生的作文扣分现象也可以得到有效避免。

托福独立写作减少文章细节扣分心得分享

文章内容扣分其实是一个比较笼统的说法，具体来说词汇、语法、句式、举例等等从小到大的扣分都可以属于内容方面的扣分。比如最基本的拼写错误和语法问题，按照ETS给出的独立写作评分标准来看，少量的出错都不会造成扣分，但如果数量较多且集中出现在开头结尾段这样明显的地方，那毫无疑问就会被扣掉一些分数。另外句式和论据素材的错误使用也会造成扣分。

为了避免各类文章内容的扣分，考生需要掌握不同问题的应对方法。比如词汇拼写错误，考生可以通过写完文章后检查的方式来发现错误及时改正，而语法问题也可以通过及时检查来避免。另外句式和素材方面的问题其实考生都可以在备考过程中就发现和避免。大家可以提前背出一些比较优质的精选句式和论据素材作为储备，结合具体作文题目使用，这样就能避免临时用一些自己没把握不熟悉的句式论据所造成的错误扣分问题了。

两个示范文稿带你入门托福综合写作

写作范文

开头段落：

The reading argues that Americans need to switch from their private automobiles to public transportation. Rebutting the reading, ←动词分词引导的(原因、条件、方式)前置的状语，陈述听力材料和阅读材料之间的关系： the lecturer contends that changing the long-formed habit would be impractical and ineffective.

冲突一：

According the reading, in some cities around the globe, public transportation is so developed that a traveler can reach any part of a city without driving. This situation is, according to the lecture, however only possible in a city, where all destinations are within short distances, and impossible in the US, which has a vast land 【接下来的转述是重要难点：】that cannot be fully covered by any public transportation.←措辞关键：this situation为主语，后面两个表语并列，精简了句子，以及后面的两次定语从句。

冲突二：

Second, the reading is concerned about automobile transportation’s carbon emissions and the consequent global warming effect, and shows favor to public transportation for its less carbon emissions per passenger. In response,←陈述听力材料和阅读材料之间的关系： the lecture states that car manufacturers are making electric cars, which have no environmental hazard / are friendly to the environment, as the replacement of the fossil-fuel-driven cars.

冲突三：

略

基于《金牌教程》Page 112/114的综合写作材料的综合写作技法讲解

写作范文

开头段落：

Reading的开头段落中的信息重点很不明显，需要依靠全文和听力材料判断：The reading and lecture argue over whether Empress Cixi has been fairly judged, and the lecturerefutes the multiple points of criticism in the reading.

冲突一：

According to the reading passage, Cixi was upset by Emperor Guangxu’s dismissal of many Chinese administrators during his reforms, and put Guangxu under house arrest, and was the most probable suspect of Guangxu’s death. This opinion is opposed by the lecturer. The lecture indicates that Cixi protected China from foreign rule, 通过状语从句形式把听力原文中并列的信息整合组织到一个句子里：as she intervened, using troops, with Guangxu’s handing over Chinese sovereignty to the Japanese.

冲突二：

The reading also points out that Cixi’s aggressive act, permitting the Boxers to attach European diplomats and missionaries, to break away from European powers and their political and religious influence was counterproductive. The lecturer counter-argues that Cixi’s act had a good intent, which is to liberate China from foreign control, and 精选动词很重要：defends Cixi by stating that the express accepted the responsibility and showed acceptance to foreigners.